36 



ICHTHYOI.or.Y. 



... _ Hi wble Wnjth ; anal fln low, terminating in well- 

 formvd rmudml fln ; Sruirlii** right rayed. 



*t **** . Mouth .mall but slightly cleft 



FAMILY IX. TRBUTYKS. 



PwHed with the tame armature as the Scorn beroldes, mu-li 

 M xt*t* on theld*of the til in come genera, or the horizon- 

 tal line which to to be found in other*. The body in all the 

 (rnrrm. U tampnttti and utilniig ; mouth small, slightly, if at 

 11, projectile ; each jaw provided with a row of cutting teeth ; 

 MMI tat palate dtitute of teeth ; a single dorsal fln. 



Je*mtk*na Dflitianui. pi. 46, f. 19. Teeth notched and 

 tuny i tail provided with a strung moveable spine on earh 

 tide. In some species, the dorsal fln is very high, and others 

 an provided with a bruh of utiff hairs before the lateral spine. 



Katna mtticomit, pi. 47, f. 3-2. Sides of the tail armed with 

 fixed trenchant blades : teeth roniral, front protruding in a 

 horn above the muxzle : bronchia- having only four rays, and 

 three toft ran in the ventral fins ; the external skin resembles 



FAMILY X LAB YRINTBI FORM PHARYNGKALS. 



Part of the superior pharyngeals divided into small irregular 

 bMnbup, which intercept miniite cells, in which water is re- 

 tained for the purpose of moistening their gills when they quit 

 the water, which they frequently do. 



.Inaf-at teitwiineiu, pi. 46, f. 28. Labyrinths complicated ; 

 third pharvngeals provided with tessdated teeth ; body round, 

 covered with strong scales ; head broad ; muzzle short and 

 obtuse ; mouth small ; lateral line interrupted at its posterior 

 third; borders of operculum,8uboperculum, and interoperculum 

 deeply dentated ; preoperculum plain ; branchiie five rayed. 



I'tilt/ranthtu rulita, pi. 47. f. 33. Rays spin. .us; opercula 

 free from dentations; body compressed, and with four rays in 

 the branchiae ; teeth consisting of a narrow row of short and 

 crowded ; no teeth in the palate ; pylorus with two caeca! ap- 

 pendages. Lfpidoptts argyrut, pi. 46, f. 13. 



FAMILY XL MUGILOIDES. 



Body nearly cylindrical, covered with large scales, and pro- 

 vided with two separate dorsal fins, the first of which have only 

 four spinous rays ; ventral tins inserted a little behind the 

 pectorals. 



Mug it Cephate, pi. 46, f. 25. Head depressed, broad, scaly ; 

 mouth having fleshy crenulated lips ; lower jaw with a central 

 carination, entering into a corresponding groove in the upper ; 

 teeth hardly perceptible ; branchial membrane, three rayed. 



FAMILY XII. GOBIOIDBS. 



Dorsal spines thin and flexible. 



Hlmnuu Palmicornit, pi. 46, f. 13. Ventrals placed before 

 the pectorals, and only two-rayed. 



Gobitu lanreolatus, pi. 47, f. 37. Ventrals united throughout 

 thrir whole length ; body elongated ; head of moderate size, 

 rounded ; cheeks inflated, and eyes approximated ; two dorsal 

 fins, lust long. 



Gobioirlfttiroiutonectii, pi. 47, f. 27. Differ from the gobius 

 in the union of their dorsals, which form but one ; and the body 

 more elongated. 



Calliitnymus fatciatus, pi. 47, f. 26. Branchiae with but one 

 aperture, consisting of a mile on each side of the nape ; ventral 

 fins placed under the throat and separate, being larger than the 

 pectorals , head oblong, depressed ; eyes approximate, and 

 directed upwards : intermaxillaries very protractile. Teeth 

 small and crowded, without any in the palate; anterior dorsal 

 fin supported by a few setaceous rays, sometimes very elevated; 

 second dorsal fin elongated as well as thu anal. 



FAMILY XIII. PEDICULATBA PECTORALBS. 



Pectoral* supported by the elongation of the carpal bones. 

 Skin naked ; pectorals supported by two arms, each of which 

 are provided with two bones, which correspond to the radius 

 nrt ulna in the mammalia, but which, in reality, belong to the 

 carpu-i. Ventrals placed very far before the pectoral fins, 

 opercular and branchiostegous rayx enveloped in the skin ; only 

 opening in the gills, situated behind the pectorals. 



Loptiitu pncatut, pi. 17, f. 14. Head dn-proportionally large, 

 broad, depressed, and spinous; mouth deeply cleft and furnished 

 with acute teeth ; lower jaw having numerous cirri ; twpdor- 

 "nl tin- ; branchial membrane forming a large sac, opening in 

 the axilla, and supported by nix large rays; operculum small ; 

 each side having hut three branch!:?. 



Chiranrctet netngaUicut, pi. 47, f. 21. Head with four rays, 

 the first ulender and frequently terminating in a tuft ; succeed- 

 ing one* augmented by a membrane, are sometimes greatly 

 enlarged, and at others, united into a fin : head and body com. 

 presaed : month vertically cleft ; branchiae with four rays, 

 have only one opening behind the pectoral fin ; the dorsal fin 

 occupying nearly the whole range of the back ; body entirely 

 covered with cutaneous appendages. 



FAMILY XIV. LABROIDES. 



Body oblong and caly ; a single dorsal fin supported in front 



pinf,rcn having a membranous appendage ; jaws cover- 



lehy lips ; three pharyngeals. two upper ones attached 



to the cranium, lower one large, ail of them provided with 



tMMteUd or Umiuiform teeth. 



lAibrut vittatut, pi. 46, f. 23. Body oblong ; lips double and 

 ' hy, ne adhering close to the jaw, and the other to the 

 tal ; branrhi:<> crowded with five rays ; maxillary teeth 



conical, middle and anterior one* longest ; pharynffenl tietb 

 arranged as if paved, the upper ones in two plates, the lowrr 

 in single one corresponding to the two others. 



Op.-rrnla and preopercula destitute, of spines or dentations; 

 cheek and operculum scaly; lateral line straight or nearly so. 



!-:/ii/'ulia iiisiiiintur, pi. 47. f. ^8. Mouth very protractile; 

 which by a see-saw motion of their maxillaries is produced into 

 u tube form, with which they capture their prey. 



\irichlhiii Cyaniroitrit,\>\. 47, f. 29. Body much compressed, 

 front suddenly descending towards the mouth, in nearly a ver- 

 tu-Hl line, formed by the (ethmoid bone and the ascending 

 branches of the raaxillaries; body covered with large scales; 

 lateral line interrupted ; jaws with conical teeth, central ones 

 longest; pharynx having hemispherical teeth. 



FAMILY XV. FLUTE-MOUTHS. 



.r.ilniiiiiiliil and adjacent bones produced in the shape of a 

 tubular mouth in front of the cranium ; the mouth formed by 

 the intermaxillary, maxillary, and mandibular bones. 



Fistularitt Cliinentit, pi. 46, f. 15. A single dorsal fin, which 

 us well as the anal, is composed ^of simple rays ; intermaxilla- 

 ries and lower jaw provided with small teeth; between two 

 lobes of the caudal fin proceeds a filament which is frequently 

 as long as the body ; snout long and depressed. 



Centriscus scolupax, pi. 47, f. 6. Anterior dorsal fin, with 

 the spine, strong, placed far back, and supported by an appa- 

 ratus connected with the head and shoulders ; skin covered 

 with small scales, and also some broad and dentated plates. 



ORDER II. ABDOMINAL MALACOPTERYGIANS. 



The ventral fins are suspended to the under part of the ab. 

 domen, and situated behind the pectorals, but not attached to 

 tin- shoulder bones. 



FAMILY I. CYPRINID.E. 



Mouth but slightly cleft ; jaws weak, generally without 

 teeth, and bordered by the intermaxillaries, by strongly toothed 

 pharyngeals; branchial rays small; body scaly ; destitute of 

 an adipose dorsal fin. 



Cyprinus auratut, pi. 47, f. 11. Mouth very small, jaws 

 destitute of teeth, as also of the flat rays of the branchiae ; tongue 

 smooth ; palate with a highly irritable substance ; dorsal tin 

 long, in which, as well as the anal fin, the second ray is formed 

 of a stout spine. Some of the species have cirri at the angles 

 of the upper jaw. 



Cyprinus curpio, pi. 46, f. 17. Olive green above, and yellow, 

 ish beneath ; with strong dentated dorsal and anal spines. 



FAMILY II. ESOCES. 



Destitute of an adipose fin ; edge of the upper jaw usually 

 formed by the intermaxillary, and when not so, the maxillary 

 is devoid of teeth, and concealed in the thickness of the lips ; with 

 the exception of the Microstoman the dorsal and anal fins are 

 opposite each other. 



Exocetus volituiis, pi. 47, f. 8. Pectoral fins excessively large, 

 capable of supporting them in the air : head and body scaly ; a 

 salient line formed by a longitudinal line of carinated scales, on 

 each flank ; head depressed and compressed, on the sides ; dor- 

 sal fin placed above the anal ; eyes large ; intermaxillaries 

 constituting the whole range of the upper jaw, and destitute of 

 pedicles ; both jaws are provided with small pointed teeth ; 

 pharyngeals with teeth set like pavement. 



FAMILY III. SILURID*. 



Completely destitute of true scales, skin quite naked, or with 

 large osseous plates ; intermaxillaries suspended under the 

 aethmoid, forming the edge of the upper jaw: maxillaries 

 simple vestiges, or extended into cirri. Intestinal canal sim- 

 ple, destitute of caeca, bladder large ; first ray of dorsal and 

 pectoral fins, with strong spines and like the salmon, fre- 

 quently with an adipose fin behind. 



FAMILY IV. SALMONIDES. 



Body scaly ; first dorsal fin having two soft rays, followed by 

 a second adipose, formed of a cuticle filled with fatty matter, 

 and destitute of rays : they have numerous caeca and a nata- 

 tory bladder. Structure of jaws subject to much variety. 



Salmo salar, pi. 47, f. 1. F.dge of upper jaw principally 

 formed by the maxillaries, which have a series of pointed teeth, 

 as also in the intermaxillaries, palatines and mandibularics, 

 that on the vomer, tongue, and pharyngeals double. Ventral 

 opposite the first dorsal, and the adipose opposed to that of the 

 anal. Generally ten branchial rays. Body usually spotted ; 

 flesh wholesome in all the species, and ascend rivers to spawn. 



FAMILY V. GLUPB./E. 



Destitute of an adipose fin ; jaws formed by intermaxillaries, 

 having no pedicles in the middle, and by maxillaries on the 

 sides ; body scaly ; most species have a natatory bladder, and 

 many caeca. Some of the species ascend rivers. 



Clttpea pilchardut. pi. 47, f. 4. Maxillaries arcuated before, 

 and divisible in several longitudinal pieces; opening of the 

 mouth moderate ; upper lip not emarginnted. 



Enfrrauli* i-ncrasicohtus, pi. 46, f. 2. The mouth cleft consi- 

 derably behind the eyes ; branchial opening large, and provided 

 with numerous rays : snout somewhat pointed, under which 

 are attached the intermaxillaries, projecting in front of the 

 mouth ; maxillaries straight and elongated. 



