ICHTHYOLITE ICONOCLASTS. 



lite with itrooc, bony, cutting, and pointed 

 Uk* teeth. Th* teeth ot tin- mouth resemble 



JwMH pi. 48, f. Itt DUk of body nearly circular, 

 by two productions ..I th.- -..out, M.I.- 



. so as to reach the pectoral fins ; head and bran. 



.lh honeycomb. like tubes, subdivided by horizontal 

 _ - . into little cells filled with mucus. It i.imthisappa- 

 In which the galvanic power resides. Tail short and 



FAMILY IL SDCTOIII CYCLOSTOMI. 



Th* suckers are the most imperfect of all vertebral animals 

 M retards the skeleton : they are destitute of both pectoral and 

 ventral an* : body elongated, terminated before by a fleshy lip 

 and cartilaginous ring. Annular portion of the vertebra, not 

 cartilaginous throughout its whole circle : destitute of ordinary 

 rib* ; branchial ones much developed, and united to each other, 

 but devoid of solid branchial arches : the branchiie resembling 

 pune*, malting from the junction of one part of a branchiie 

 with the nptainf of that contiguous : ear enclosed by the cra- 

 nium ; nostrils with a single orifice. > 



JVrmiJMWii mariniu, pi. 47, f. 5. With seven branchial open- 



00 each aide : skin of tail, above and beneath, turned up 

 a longitudinal crest, supplying the place of a fin ; maxillary 

 ring provided with strong teeth; interior dink of lip very circular, 

 priU*< with tubercles, and covered with a hard shell. This 

 ring to (upended under a transverse plate, and seems to supply 

 th* want of intermaxillRrien, vestiges of maxillaries may be 

 - in the sides of these. Tongue provided with two lungi- 

 kl row* of small teeth, which move backwards and for- 

 ; in the manner of a piston ; a dorsal fin before the anal 



r OI a piston ; aorsni nu oeiore me anai 



opening, and another behind it, which unites with the tail fin. 

 Gattrotranchut ctecut, pi. 47, f. 2. Intervals of the. branchiae 

 communicate with a common canal on each hide ; each of which 

 terminates in a distinct perforation situated under the heart. 



ICHTHYOLITE (Greek], means, in mineralogy, a 

 petrified fish, or a stone with the impression of a fish 

 upon it. 



ICHTHYS (Jgfar, Greek for fish); a word found on 

 many seals, rings, lamps,urns, and tombstones, belong- 

 ing to the earliest Christian times. Each character 

 forms an initial letter of the following words : iwavs, 

 Xttrrtf &i/>5 rlof "Sam* that is, Jesus Christ, the 

 Son of God, the Saviour. The picture of a fish is 

 also sometimes engraved in similar works, having a 

 mystical meaning. The latter may have merely 

 originated from the word !%tv, and this again from 

 Die initials of the above-mentioned words ; but it is 

 much more probable that the ancient Christians gave 

 to the image of the fish, (so much revered as a 

 religious symbol among most ancient nations) a mys- 

 tical meaning. It was natural enough that nations 

 who expressed all their religious and scientific con- 

 ceptions symbolically, should adopt a fish as an em- 

 blem. On account of its immense fertility, the fish 

 was emblematical of the great fructifying power of 

 nature ; and, as many kinds of fish indicate, by certain 

 motions, the changes of weather, it became an object 

 from which the priests prophesied ; hence it readily 

 became sacred to them. The fish was worshipped 

 by the Syrians, Assyrians, Phoenicians, and the West- 

 ern Asiatics in general. 



ICOLMKILL, or I-COLUMB-KILL ; one of 

 the Hebrides, called by the Monkish writers IONA. 

 Its original name, by which it is still known in its 

 vicinity, was /, signifying island; but, St Columb 

 having founded a monastery there, it came to be 

 called I COLUMB-KILL (the island, Columba's 

 Cell.) It is two and a half miles in length by one in 

 breadth, and is separated from Mull by a channel 

 about half a mile wide. Icolmkill is chiefly interest- 

 ing to the antiquarian from the views of its ancient 

 religious edifices. These were established about the 

 year 565, by St Columb, who left Ireland, his native 

 country, with the intention of preaching Christianity 

 to the Picts. The remains of these edifices, almost 

 all constructed of sienite, together with crosses and 

 sepulchral monuments, are the antiquities now extant. 

 The exact date of none of the former is known, but 

 the church is said to have been built by queen Mar- 

 garet, Uiwards the latter end of the eleventh century. 

 It is built in the form of a cross, 164 feet long without, 



ami :M brond ; the body of the church is 60 feet in 

 leu" ill, and the two aisles of the transept, or cross, 

 are each 30 feet long, and 18 broad within the walls. 

 The east window is a beautiful specimen of Gothic 

 workmanship. In the middle of the cathedral rises 

 a tower, 22 feet square, and between 70 and 80 feet 

 high, supported by four arches, and ornamented with 

 bass-reliefs. Here are the tombs of forty-eight Scot- 

 tish kings, four kings of Ireland, eight Norwegian 

 monarchs, and one king of France. The cell of 

 Icolmkill became the mother of 100 monasteries; 

 the princes and nobles of Scotland were sent thither 

 for education, and it was the favourite sepulchre of 

 the Scotch and Irish kings. The island is described 

 by Mr Pennant, doctor Johnson, and other travel- 

 lers. See Hebrides. 



ICON (u'*); an image. Iconolatry ; adoration of 

 images. Iconoclasts (q. v.); breakers of images 

 Iconography; the representation of statues, busts, 

 household gods, mosaic works, and pictures in water- 

 colours. Michael Angelo and Ursinus were the re- 

 storers of this art, which was carried farther by John 

 Angelus Canini and Bernard de Montfaucon. Canini 

 published his Iconography at Rome, in 1669 (I vol., 

 4to), and Montfaucon the Antiquites Expltquees. 

 The latest work of this kind is Visconti's Icono- 

 graphie Ancienne (Paris, 1808 17, 4 vols., 4to); it 

 contains the portraits of the princes and celebrated 

 men of antiquity. Three volumes form the Icono- 

 graphie Grecque, the following the Iconographie 

 Romaine; the fifth volume was published, in 1821, 

 by A. Mongez; the sixth volume concludes the 

 whole. Also the Iconographie des Contemporains, 

 depuis 1789, jusqti'd 1820, by Delpech (Paris, 1824, 

 thirty numbers, each with four portraits and a fac 

 simile), has met with great success. The Iconogra- 

 phie du Regne animal, by Guerin, was published at 

 Paris (1829). 



ICONOCLASTS; that Christian party whicli 

 would not tolerate images in the churches, much 

 less the adoration of them. This dispute began in 

 Greece, and extended from thence over Europe; it 

 was most violent in the eighth and ninth centuries. 

 In the three first centuries after Christ, the Christians 

 had no paintings or images in the churches. The 

 first cause of the Christian worship of images was 

 partly, the custom of erecting columns in honour of 

 the emperors, with their statues, partly the attempt 

 to preserve the memory of the bishops and the 

 martyrs by images. In the fourth, and still more in 

 the fifth century, they were placed in the churches, 

 yet without receiving any adoration; but in the sixth 

 century, people began to kiss the images, in token 

 of respect, to burn lights before them, to offer incense 

 in honour of them, and to ascribe to them miraculous 

 power. Some bishops endeavoured to dissuade 

 Christians from this worship of images; others to- 

 lerated them as becoming decorations of the church; 

 while others, in their reverence for them, approxi- 

 mated to complete idolatry. The Eastern emperor 

 Leo III., the enemy of superstition and the worship 

 of images, issued an edict, in 726, ordering the people 

 to remove from the churches all the images, except 

 that of Christ, and to abstain entirely from the wos 

 ship of them. This order occasioned commotions, 

 first in the islands of the Archipelago; and, as the 

 popes Gregory II. and III. admitted of the worship o 

 images, and the emperor Leo refused to recall his 

 edict on their command, they excommunicated him, 

 and his subjects in Italy threw oft' their allegiance. 

 Thence arose two parties in the Christian church, 

 namely, the Iconolatrae and the Iconoclasts, who 

 have mutually persecuted each other, even to death. 

 Leo's son and successor, Constantine, proceeded 

 with less rigour. He convened a council at Con- 



