INDIANS (LANGUAGES OF AMERICAN) INDIANA. 



77 



FIRST AND SECOND FERSON8 DUAL, OBJECTIVE 



Collective.* Dii'.ributice.* 

 Sin. 3 (pr.1 Ttklnaluiha, Tellklnaluiha, 



3 (o6.) Qloaluiha, Teglnaluiha, 

 Ptu 3 (pr.) Keklnaluiha, Tekeklnaluiha, ' 

 3 (a&.) Geginaluiha, Tegeglnaluiba, 



He is tying thee and me 

 He is tying thee and me. 

 They are tying thee and me 

 They are tying thee and me. 



FIRST AND THIRD PERSONS DUAL, OBJECTIVE. 

 Collective. Distributive, 

 Sin 2. Skmaluiha, Tesklnalwiha, Thou art tying him and me 



' 



Du. 2. Sklnaluiha, Teskinaluiha, Ye two are tying him and me. 



llu. 2. Skiyalitiha, Teskiyaluiha, Te are tying him and me 



3 (P*"0 Kakinaluiha, leitaHkmaluina, f They are tying him and me. 



In the same analogy, there are distinct forms for the 

 English expressions, "he is tying you and me," 

 " they are tying you and me," " thou art tying them 

 and me, 1 ' " he is tying them and me," " ye are 

 tying them and me," "they are," c. ; "I am 

 tying thee," "he is," &c., "he and I, they and I, 

 they are," &c. ; I am tying you two," " he is," 

 &c., " they are," &c. ; " 1 am tying you (all in the 

 plural), he is, we are, they are," &c. 



Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections. 

 These parts of speech require no particular remarks. 

 According to some writers, all of them are to be 

 found, as distinct parts of speech, in the Indian lan- 

 guages. But others, on the contrary, affirm that some 

 of them are wanting in particular dialects ; as, for 

 example, it is said that the Cherokee has no preposi- 

 tions ; though they are to be found in the Delaware. 

 We conclude this article, which the novelty of the 

 subject has led us to extend beyond our original plan, 

 with a few miscellaneous remarks on the Cherokee 

 language. The name of this nation, we would observe, 

 is Tsalaki (pronounced nearly like Tsullakee), the last 

 syllable of which is often written gi ; the sound of 

 this final syllable being neither exactly our k nor g, 

 but an intermediate sound between those two. The 

 English name Cherokee, it is supposed, was originally 

 taken from one of the dialects in which the sound of 

 r occurs, Tsaraki or Tsurrakee. This name is be- 

 lieved not to be significant ; but, if originally so, the 

 signification of it is now lost. Some names of places 

 among them have been much more changed than 

 this national name, by onr English orthography ; as 

 Chattahoochie from Tsatahutsi (which may have been 

 a Creek name), Coosewaytee from Kusuwetiyi ; Tel- 

 lico from Taliqua; Hightower from Itawa, pronounced 

 Eetawah, &c. Among the words cf relationship, 

 brother, sister, &c. , we find some terms that have a 

 different signification, according as they are used by 

 a man or woman. Example : the word ungkitaw, used 

 by women, signifies my brother ; but used by men, 

 it means my sister; and the women exclusively use 

 ungkilung for my sister. It is said that this language 

 has no relative pronoun. Like the Indian languages 

 in general, it is highly compounded, or, as Mi Du 

 Ponceau first very happily denominated this class 

 poly synthetic. There are, as we should naturally 

 expect, therefore, but few monosyllables ; some say 

 only fifteen in the whole, which are all interjections 

 and adverbs, with the exception of one, the monosyl- 

 lable na, which is sometimes a pronoun and sometimes 

 an adverb. Of its polysynthetic character we are 

 able to give one very remarkable example, in a singl 

 word, which, for perspicuity's sake we have separatee 

 into its syllables ; viz. ff r i-ni-taw'-ti-ge'-gi-na-li-skaw' 

 lung-ta-naw-ne-li'-ti-se-sti ; which may be thus ren 

 dered " They-wjll-by-that-tinie-have-nearly-done 

 granting- [favours] from-a-distance-to-thee-and-to 



* Collective; Distributive. Collective, tiUnalaiha (he ties us two together 1 ) 

 Distributive, tetikinalaOia (he ties us two separately). This distinction 

 relates to the object of the action, and runs throughout the dual and plu 

 numbers of all the persons. The two forms, however, are not both in comiru, 

 use with every verb ; but the one or the other, according as the nature of th 

 action relates to objects, collectively or separately considered. 



me." It is said that the expression " / ought to tie 

 thee or him," cannot be translated into Cherokee ; 

 and that the nearest approach they can make to it is, 

 >y a circumlocution, which means, " it would be 

 right for me to tie, or it would be wrong for me not 

 o tie," &c. It is also a feature of this language, 

 ,hat all its words end with a vowel sound ; and this 

 ias enabled the ' philosopher ' Guest to reduce its 

 lementary syllables to so small a number as eighty 

 ive, and to adopt a syllabic alphabet. Their neigh- 

 )ours, the Choctaws (more properly Chah'tahs), 

 laving a language which is wholly different in this 

 rarticular, have not been able to adopt a similar 

 ilphabet. But we are admonished that our limits 

 brbid any further details ; and we only add, that 

 ,his very general survey of these curiously constructed 

 anguages "will convince every reader," as is justly 

 remarked by the American philologist, Mr Du Pon- 

 ceau, " that a considerable degree of art and method 

 ias presided over their formation. Whether thi? 

 astonishing fact (he adds) is to be considered as a 

 proof as many are inclined to believe that this 

 continent was formerly inhabited by a civilized race 

 of men, or whether it is not more natural to suppose, 

 that the Almighty Creator has endowed mankind 

 with a natural logic, which leads them, as it were, 

 by instinct, to such methods in the formation of their 

 dioms as are best calculated to facilitate their use, I 

 shall not at present inquire. I do not, however, hesi- 

 tate to say, that the bias of my mind is in favour ol 

 the latter supposition, because no language has yet 

 been discovered, either among savage or polished 

 nations, which was not governed by rules and prin- 

 ciples which nature alone could dictate, and human 

 science never could have imagined." For further 

 information on this novel and curious subject, we 

 refer our readers to the following as the most impor- 

 tant works : Historical and Literary Transactions 

 of the American Philosophical Society (vol. i. 8vo, 

 Philadelphia, 1819 ;) in whicli the reader will find the 

 correspondence of Mr Du Ponceau and Mr Hecke- 

 welder, and also a copious list of manuscript gram- 

 mars, dictionaries, and other works on the Indian 

 languages ; Eliot's Grammar of the Massachusetts 

 Indian Language, first printed in 1666, Cambridge, 

 New England, and reprinted in 1822, by the Massa- 

 chusetts Historical Society, in their Collections ; 

 Edwards's Observations on the Language of the Muh- 

 hekanneew [Mohegan] Indians, first published in 

 1788, and reprinted by the same society in their Col- 

 lections for 1823 ; Zeisberger's Grammar of the 

 Delaware or Lendpe Language, translated by Mr Du 

 Ponceau, and published by the American Philosophical 

 Society, in their Transactions, vol. iii. the most im- 

 portant of all the recent publications, to the student; 

 and the Cherokee Phoenix, a newspaper printed by 

 natives of that nation, in their own and the Eng- 

 lish languages. The circumstance of the alphabet 

 being syllabic, and the number of syllables so small, 

 is the greatest reason why the task of learning to 

 read the Cherokee language is so vastly easier than 

 than that of learning to read English. An activ 

 Cherokee boy may learn to read his own language in 

 a day ; and not more than two or three days are or- 

 dinarily requisite. To read is only to repeat succes- 

 sively the names of the several letters ; when a boy 

 has learned his alphabet, he can read his language. 



INDIANA ; one of the United States of America, 

 bounded N. by lake Michigan and the Michigan Ter- 

 ritory, E. by Ohio, S. by Kentucky, from which it is 

 separated by the Ohio river, and W. by Illinois ; lat. 

 37 5CC to 41 45' N. ; Ion. 84 45' to 88 W.; 

 length from north to south 270 miles, breadth 220 ; 

 square miles 36,000 : population in 1800, 4651 ; in 

 1810, 24,520 ; in 1820, 147,178 ; and, in 1830, 



