INGE INJURIA. 



87 



INGE; a Saxon word signifying/e/t/, appearing in 

 many Gorman geographical names, as Thtiringen, 

 Tubingen, Zophingen, &c.; also in Dutch names, as 

 Groningen. 



INGENHOUSS, John, a naturalist, born at Breda, 

 in 1730, practised physic in his native city, and after- 

 wards went to London, where he was well received 

 by Pringle, the president of the royal society. The 

 empress Maria Theresa, having lost two children by 

 the small-pox, ordered her ambassador at London to 

 send her an English physician, to vaccinate the 

 others. Pringle recommended Ingenhouss, who re- 

 ceived honours and presents, at V*ienna, for the easy 

 operation, which was not then much practised. He 

 then travelled, and finally settled near London, 

 where he died in 1799. He was the author of 

 several treatises on subjects of natural history, which 

 he enriched by several important discoveries. 



INGOT, in the arts, is a small bar of metal made 

 of a certain form anil size, by casting it in moulds. 

 The term is chiefly applied to the small bars of gold 

 and silver, intended either for coining or exportation 

 to foreign countries. 



INGRIA ; a former province of Sweden, on the 

 bay of Finland. It belonged, as early as the thir- 

 teenth century, to Russia, was inhabited by the 

 Ingrians or Ishorians, and received its name from the 

 river Inger, the former name for Ishora, when the 

 Swedes took possession of it in 1617. In 1700, the 

 Russians reconquered it. It forms, at present, a part 

 of the government of St Petersburg, in which the 

 capital, St Petersburg, is situated. 



INGULPHUS, abbot of Croyland, and author of 

 the history of that abbey, was born in London about 

 1030. He received his early education at Westmin- 

 ster, and afterwards went to Oxford, where he applied 

 to the study of Aristotle, and, as he says, " clothed 

 himself down to the heel in the first and second rhe- 

 toric of Tully." In the year 1051, William, duke of 

 Is'ormandy, then a visitor at the court of Edward the 

 Confessor, made Ingulphus, then of the age of 

 twenty-one, his secretary. He accompanied the duke 

 to Normandy, afterwards went on a pilgrimage to 

 the Holy Land, and, upon his return, entered into 

 the order of the Benedictines, at the abbey of Fon- 

 tenelle, in Normandy, of which he became prior. On 

 the acquirement of the crown of England by William, 

 I nguiphua was created abbot of the rich monastery 

 ot Croyland. He died in 1109. His history of the 

 monastery of Croyland is interspersed with many 

 i particulars of the English kings. It was published 

 by Sir Henry Savile, in 1596, among the Scriptores 

 vost Bedam, and has been reprinted both at Frank- 

 fort and at Oxford, the latter of these editions, dated 

 1684, being the most complete. The history of Croy- 

 land comprises from 664 to 1091. 



INHERITANCE. See Descent and Estate. 



INJECTIONS belong partly to surgery and 

 partly to anatomy. In surgery, fluids, different, 

 according to the different effects desired to be pro- 

 duced, are thrown, by means of a small syringe, into 

 the natural cavities of the body, or those. occasioned 

 by disease, partly to remove unhealthy matter, and 

 partly to bring the remedy immediately to the seat of 

 the disorder, and thus effect a cure. Wounds and 

 sores are usually cleansed in this way, when they ex- 

 tend far below the skin, for an excitement and cure 

 are produced by the same method. Cato the Censor 

 had one applied to himself when he suffered from a 

 fistula. In diseases of the nose and the cavities con- 

 nected with it, in those which have their seat in the 

 neck, in disorders of the ears, the bladder, and ure- 

 thra, the uterus and vagina, and for the radical cure 

 of hydrocele, injections are often used, and with 

 important advantages. Pure warm water is injected, 



with the highest success, for the removal of pus, 

 blood, or even foreign bodies. Sometimes astringent 

 medicines, to restrain excessive evacuations, some- 

 times stimulating ones, to excite inflammation, as in 

 hydrocele, or even to increase and improve evacua- 

 tions, sometimes soothing medicaments, to mitigate 

 pain, &c., are added to the water. In diseases ot the 

 throat which hinder the patient from swallowing, and 

 thus tend to produce death by starvation, nourishing 

 fluids are injected into the stomach. The blood of 

 beasts, or of men, has been sometimes injected into 

 the veins, which is called transfusion. In the same 

 way, medicines are introduced immediately to the 

 blood ; for instance, tartar emetic to excite vomit- 

 ing, if a foreign body is fixed in the throat so firmly 

 as to restrain the patient from swallowing, and can 

 neither be moved up nor down. According to the 

 place where the injection is to be made, the instru- 

 ment must be either longer or shorter, a straight or a 

 curved tube. The size is regulated by the quantity 

 of the liquid to be injected, and the force which is to 

 be applied. Anatomists inject into the vessels of 

 bodies various coloured fluids, which are liquid when 

 hot, and coagulate when cold, to make the smaller 

 ones visible. Thus the arteries, veins, and lymphatic 

 vessels are injected. Anatomy has carried this art 

 so far as to make very minute vessels visible to the 

 naked eye. 



INJUNCTION is a prohibitory writ, issuing by 

 the order of a court of equity, restraining a person 

 from doing some act which appears to be against 

 equity, and the commission of which is not punishable 

 by the criminal law. An injunction may be obtained 

 to stay waste, as where a tenant for life, or years, is 

 proceeding to cut down timber which he has no right 

 to cut ; to prevent vexatious litigation in the courts 

 of common law, as where a man persists in bringing 

 actions to recover an estate, notwithstanding repeated 

 failures ; to enable a man to make a just defence, 

 which he could not make at common law, as where 

 the legal defence to a claim rests exclusively, or to a 

 great degree, in the knowledge of the party advanc- 

 ing the claim ; to prevent infringement of a copy- 

 right, or a patent, &c. 



INJURIA (Latin), in law; properly, every act by 

 which some one suffers unlawfully. In the Roman 

 law, the obligations arising from such violations 

 formed a class by themselves, which were regulated 

 by the lex Aquilia, so called because the tribune 

 Aquilius (in the sixth century, between the destruc 

 tion of Carthage and Corinth, and during the begin, 

 ning of the civil wars) had caused the law to be 

 enacted. At a later period, the right to ask legal 

 redress was also extended to a mere violation of the 

 honour of a person ; and, in the laws of modem 

 nations, this has been retained, though with a great 

 variety of views. In the middle ages, the duel was 

 authorized by law; and, when the laws took from 

 individuals the right of redressing their own wrongs, 

 it was deemed necessary to offer some other mode of 

 redressing injuries to honour, which had been one of 

 the most fruitful sources of duels. The common law 

 of England punishes injuries to honour only when 

 they amount to malicious attempts to blacken a man's 

 reputation (see Libel, and Slander) ; but according 

 to the Prussian code, a person may be sued for hav- 

 ing used insulting language, or even insulting ges- 

 tures, on the mere ground of violation of honour, and 

 not of any other damage inflicted thereby. But, of 

 late, the right has been considerably restricted : for 

 instance, the complaint must be entered within a 

 short period fixed by law, &c. According to the 

 laws of the German states, the petition of the com- 

 plainant may be to have the amende honorable made 

 him, as by an apology for the insult, &c., or to have 



