INLAND NAVIGATION INNOCENT. 



89 



it plain, for otherwise it always continues visible. 

 With this sympathetic ink landscapes may be drawn, 

 in which the trees and the earth lose their verdant 

 aj.'pf arance in the winter, but may be changed again 

 into a spring landscape, at will, by exposing them to 

 a gentle heat. This has been already tried on 

 scree ii s t 



INLAND NAVIGATION. See Canals. 



INN, a river in the south of Germany, rises in the 

 Orisons, flows through Tyrol and Bavaria, and emp- 

 ties into the Danube at Passau. It is navigable from 

 Telfs. Inspruck (q. v.) is situated on this river. 



INNATE IDEAS ; certain primary notions, or 

 impressions, supposed by many philosophers to be 

 given to the mind of man when it first receives its 

 Being, and to be brought into the world with it. 

 Their existence has afforded ground for much dis- 

 pute among philosophers. 



INNOCENT ; the name of thirteen popes, among 

 whom are the following : 



Innocent I., saint, a native of Albano, succeeded 

 Anastasius I., as bishop of Rome, in 402. He was 

 in great favour with the emperor Honorius, and 

 induced him to take severe measures against the 

 Donatists. He supported St Chrysostom (q. v.), and 

 renounced the communion with the Eastern churches, 

 on account of their treatment of that eminent man. 

 In 409, he was sent to obtain terms of peace from 

 Alaric, but without success, in consequence of the 

 opposition of the pretorian prefect Jovius. (q. v.) 

 Rome was taken and pillaged, in 410, while Innocent 

 was still in Ravenna. He condemned the Pelagians 

 as heretics, in a letter to the African churches, but 

 excited their opposition by his arrogant tone. He 

 died in 417; according to some, in 416. He is one 

 of the most distinguished among the saints; his day 

 is July 28. His decrees (in the Collection of Diony- 

 sius Exiginus) and letters (most complete in Schone- 

 mann's Pontif. Rom. Epist. genuince) prove his zeal 

 tor the establishment of the Roman supremacy; but 

 part of them are considered, by many critics, spuri- 

 ous. Zosimus was his successor. 



Innocent II., a Roman of noble birth, elected 

 pope, in 1130, by a part of the cardinals, whilst the 

 others elected Peter of Leon, who took the name of 

 Anacletus. Innocent fled to France, where, by the 

 mediation of Peter of Clairvaux, he was acknow- 

 ledged by the council of Etampes, by Louis VI., and, 

 soon after, by Henry II. of England, also by the 

 German king Lothaire, who conducted him, in 1133, 

 to Rome, where he occupied the Lateran, whilst 

 Anacletus occupied the castle of Crescentius, the 

 church of St Peter, and a large part of the city. 

 Innocent was soon obliged to retire to Pisa, and, 

 though the emperor reinstated him, in 1137, Ana- 

 cletus maintained himself until his death, in 1138. 

 Having prevailed against another anti-pope, he held 

 the second oecumenical council in the Lateran, where 

 nearly 1000 bishops condemned Arnold of Brescia 

 and his heresy, declared all the decrees of Anacletus 

 null, and excommunicated Roger of Sicily, who 

 had supported the latter. But Roger waged war 

 against the pope, marie him prisoner, and obliged 

 Innocent to acknowledge him as king, absolve him 

 from excommunication, and invest him and his heirs 

 with Apulia, Calabria, and Capua. Towards the 

 end of his pontificate, he put France under an inter- 

 dict, and had to struggle with constant disturbances 

 in Rome and Tivoli. He died in 1143. Celestine 

 'II. succeeded him. His letters are to be found in 

 Baluze, Marline, and others. 



Innocent 111., Lothaire, count of Segni, born at 

 Anagni, in 1161, studied in Rome, Padua, and Bo- 

 logna. On the death of Celestine III. (1198) cardi- 

 nal John of Salerno declined the pontificate, which 



had been offered to him, and proposed Lothaire, who 

 was unanimously elected, at the age of thirty seven, 

 The death of the emperor Henry VI., in 1197, had 

 thrown the imperial affairs in Italy into the greatest 

 confusion. Innocent, in the vigour of manhood, 

 endowed by nature with all the talents of a ruler, 

 possessed of an erudition uncommon at that time, 

 and favoured by circumstances, was better qualified 

 than any of his predecessors to elevate the papal 

 power, which he considered as the source of all 

 secular power. By his clemency and prudence, he 

 gained over the inhabitants of Rome, obliged the 

 imperial prefect to take the oath of allegiance to 

 him, and directed his attention to every quarter 

 wnere he believed, or pretended to believe, that a 

 papal claim of property, or of feudal rights, existed. 

 From the imperial seneschal, duke Marquard of 

 Romagna, he required homage for the Mark of 

 Ancona, and, on his refusal to comply, took posses- 

 sion of the Mark, with the assistance of the inhabi- 

 tants, who were dissatisfied with the imperial govern- 

 ment, and excommunicated Marquard; obliged the 

 duke Conrad of Spoleto to resign that duchy, and 

 would also have taken Ravenna, if the archbishop 

 had not prevented him. He concluded treaties with 

 many cities of Tuscany for the mutual protection of 

 their liberties and those of the church. Thus lie 

 soon obtained possession of the ecclesiastical states, 

 in their widest extent. He conferred Naples on the 

 widowed empress Constantia and her minor son, 

 afterwards the emperor Frederic II., after having 

 abolished all the privileges conceded by Adrian IV., 

 in 1156, assumed the guardianship of the young 

 prince, after the decease of the empress, and frus- 

 trated all the machinations of Marquard to deprive 

 him of his inheritance. In Germany, Innocent 

 favoured the election of Otho IV. against Philip 

 of Suabia, crowned him, in 1209, at Rome, but soon 

 became involved in disputes with him, on account of 

 his violations of the promises which he had made to 

 the church. He excommunicated Philip Augustus, 

 king of France, laid the kingdom under an interdict, 

 in 1200, because Philip had repudiated his wife, In- 

 gelburge, and obliged the king to submit. He was 

 still more decided in his treatment of John (q. v.), 

 king of England, who refused to confirm the election 

 of Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury. 

 Innocent laid the kingdom under an interdict, and, in 

 1212, formally deposed him, and instigated the king 

 of France to attack England. John was finally ob- 

 liged to submit, resigned his territories to Rome, and 

 received them as a papal fief, from Innocent, from 

 whom he was unable to obtain absolution until he had 

 paid large sums of money. Almost all Christendom 

 was now subject to the pope; two crusades were 

 undertaken at his order, and his influence extended 

 even to Constantinople. Innocent was one of the 

 greatest popes and rulers; he acted in accordance 

 with the principles laid down in his writings; he en- 

 forced purity of morals in the clergy, and was himself 

 irreproachable in private life; yet the cruel persecution 

 of the Albigenses in the south of France, which he en- 

 couraged, though without approving of all its rigours, 

 and the inquisitorial tribunals established by him in 

 1198, from which the inquisition itself originated, are 

 stains on his pontificate, but partially effaced by a con- 

 sideration of the spirit of the tunes and the disordered 

 state of the Christian world. It may be said of his 

 rule, as of that of Gregory VII., whom he most re- 

 sembles, that, in those times, the power of the pope 

 was salutary, as a bond of union for Europe, in which 

 the still firmer bond of a common civilization and 

 knowledge did not, as at present, exist. His at- 

 tacks on the secular power are to be considered as 

 the struggle between the ecclesiastical and secular 



