INOCULATION INQUISITION. 



return to England, exerted herself to procure its 

 ,.,1'l'iion ut home. 



For many years the practice met with the greatest 

 opposition, both from the medical profession and the 

 clergy ; and several mistakes, of a serious nature, 

 happened, owing to the nature of the plan being but 

 lillle understood. A pamphlet, published by Dr 

 Jurin, hud a great effect in elucidating the subject, 

 and paving the way for the general adoption of so 

 useful an operation, by placing all the disputed 

 points in a clearer point of view ; and showing, by 

 numerous facts, that the inoculated small-pox had 

 proved a perfect security against the recurrence of 

 the disease ; and that the hazard of inoculation was 

 infinitely less than that of the natural small-pox. Dr 

 Jurin stated that the number of deaths in London, 

 for forty years preceding, had been 903,798, of which 

 65,079 were occasioned by the natural small-pox ; 

 and tliut more titan one-fourteenth part of mankind 

 died from this disease. Of those who were seized 

 with small-pox, two in seventeen, or nearly one 

 in nine, were carried off by it ; and, indeed, the mor- 

 tality from natural small-pox, in some families of the 

 poor, had even amounted to one in five or six ; 

 while, on the contrary, of those inoculated, the pro- 

 portion of fatal cases was not greater than one in 

 sixty. These arguments were further strengthened 

 by tlie favourable testimonies of Drs Mead and newer, 

 and some public establishments were created in 

 London, for the purpose of diffusing the benefits of 

 this practice, in the year 1746. 



About the year 1767, the attention of the public 

 was long and powerfully excited by a new and more 

 successful method of inoculation introduced by Mr 

 Sutton, a surgeon in Essex. It consisted chiefly in 

 shortening the period of medicinal preparation from 

 a month to a few days, and in keeping his patients 

 much in the open air during the whole progress of the 

 disease. Of his great popularity and success some 

 idea may be formed, by the fact, that, in the first year 

 of his practice, h received two thousand, and in the 

 second, six thousand guineas in fees. 1 1 is plan con- 

 sisted in abstinence from animal food and fermented 

 liquors during the fortnight of preparation ; in the 

 course of which, also, he administered, at intervals, 

 three doses of some alterative mercurial powder over 

 night, followed next morning by a dose of neutral 

 purgative salts. May, June, July, and August, were 

 selected by him as the most fit months for his more 

 delicate subjects. He used recent fluid matter for 

 inoculating, and introduced it under a piece of raised 

 cuticle, taking, if possible, his matter from the arm 

 of another inoculated patient before the eruptive 

 process. A pill, (believed to be of extract of pop- 

 pies), was given on the night following the operation, 

 and every second night till the eruptive fever came 

 on. The same low scale of diet was enjoined during 

 the course of the disease. If, during the eruptive 

 fever, the skin was dry and hot, some drops were 

 given which produced profuse sweating. In cases 

 where the fever was violent, he used to give a power- 

 ful powder or pill (the nature of which he kept 

 secret) and cold water to allay the heat ; with 

 draughts of tepid balm tea when perspiration came 

 on. On the ceasing of which, and coming out of 

 the pustules, he enjoined exercise or gestation in the 

 open air, and allowed the use of milk gruel in any 

 quantities. In proportion to the severity of the local 

 symptoms of inflammation, he enjoined a lower scale 

 of diet. Sir George Baker ascribed the success at- 

 tending this Suttonian method, as it was called, chiefly 

 to the free and cool country air, which also formed 

 part of the regimen and plan adopted by the great 

 Dr Sydenham, in the treatment of the natural small- 

 pox, whilst otlu'is of his friends attributed his success 



to some secret remedies lie used, and to his taking 

 the matter at a very early stage of the distemper. 

 See Small Pox and 1'accinalion. 



IN PALCO (Ital.) ; an expression alluding to a 

 stage performance. Oratorios were originally per- 

 formed in Italy on a stage erected in the church ; that 

 is, in palco. 



IN PONTIFICALIBUS (Latin, in the full dress 

 of a priest); frequently applied, in sport, to a person 

 in full dress on any occasion. 



INQUISITION. The immediate cause of the 

 erection of the tribunals of faith, was the sect of the. 

 Albigenses, the persecution of whom, in the twelfth 

 and thirteenth centuries, made the south of France, 

 a scene of blood. (See Albigenses.) The project of 

 extirpating the rebellious members of the church, 

 and of extending the papal power at the expense of 

 the bishops, by means of the inquisition, was con- 

 ceived by pope Innocent III. (who ascended the papal 

 chair in 1198) and was completed by his immediate 

 successors. This tribunal, called \\\eholy inquisition, 

 or the holy office (sanctum officium), was under the 

 immediate direction of the papal chair; it was to 

 seek out heretics and adherents of false doctrines, 

 and to pronounce its dreadful sentence against their 

 fortune, their honour, and their lives, without appeal. 

 The process of this tribunal differed entirely from 

 that of the civil courts. The informer was not only 

 concealed, but rewarded by the inquisition. The ac- 

 cused was obliged to be his own accuser ; suspected 

 persons were secretly seized and thrown into prison. 

 No better instruments could be found for inquisitors, 

 than the mendicant orders of monks, particularly the 

 Franciscans and Dominicans, whom the pope em- 

 ployed to destroy the heretics, and inquire into the 

 conduct of bishops. Pope Gregory IX., in 1233, com- 

 pleted the design of his predecessors, and, as they 

 had succeeded in giving these inquisitorial monks, 

 who were wholly dependent on the pope, an unlimited 

 power, and in rendering the interference of the tem- 

 poral magistrates only nominal, the inquisition was 

 successively introduced into several parts of Italy, 

 and into some provinces of France ; its power in the 

 latter country being more limited than in the former. 

 The tribunals of faith were admitted into Spain in 

 the middle of the thirteenth century, but a firm oppo- 

 sition was made to them, particularly in Castile and 

 Leon, and the bishops there maintained their exclu- 

 sive jurisdiction in spiritual matters. But a change 

 afterwards took place ; and v.'hile, in other countries 

 of Europe, the inquisition could never obtain a firm 

 footing, but in some fell entirely into disuse, as in 

 France, and in others, as in Venice, was closely 

 watched by the civil power, an institution grew up 

 in Spain, towards the end of the fifteenth century, 

 which was the most remarkable of al' the inquisito- 

 rial courts in the middle ages, and differed much 

 from the rest in its objects and organization. 



Ferdinand of Arragon, and Isabella of Castile, 

 having united their power, made many efforts to break 

 the strength of the nobles, and to render the royal 

 authority absolute. The inquisition was used as a 

 means of effecting their plans. There were three 

 religious parties in Spain, Christians, Jews, and Mo- 

 hammedans. The Moors still maintained possession 

 of the last remnant of their empire, the kingdom of 

 Grenada, which was, however, already threatened by 

 the arms of Ferdinand and Isabella. The Jews had 

 their synagogues, and formed a distinct class in the 

 principal cities of Spain. Commerce was principally 

 in their hands ; they were the lessees of the king and 

 the nobles, and suffered no oppression, being subject 

 only to a moderate capitation tax, which they had 

 been obliged to pay to the clergy since the year 1302. 

 'I lie riches which they had amassed by their industry 



