INSURRECTION INTERLUDE. 



101 



bound to fairness and good faith in effecting it, and 

 the underwriter to liberal promptness in complying 

 with his stipulation to make indemnity. 



INSURRECTION. See Revolution. 



INTAGLIOS; engraved gems. See Gem Sculp- 

 ture. 



INTEGRAL. See Calculus. 



INTEMPERANCE. See Temperance. 



INTENSENESS is the state of being raised or con- 

 centrated to a great degree. A verbum intensivum, in 

 grammar, is a verb which expresses increased force; as, 

 facesso, I do earnestly, from/ado, I do; petisso, I seek 

 earnestly, from peto, I seek. The German betteln, 

 to beg alms, may, perhaps, be considered as the in- 

 tensive form of bitten, to ask, unless it be considered 

 to denote properly a repetition of the act of asking, 

 in which case it will belong to the class of verba 

 frequentativa , such zsfactito,\ do repeatedly; lectito, 

 I read often. 



INTERDICT; an ecclesiastical censure in the 

 Catholic church, the effect of which, taken in its 

 most extended sense, is, that no kind of divine 

 service is celebrated in the place or country under 

 the sentence; the sacraments are not administered, 

 the dead not buried with the rites of the church. 

 This interdict is called real or local, whilst the per- 

 sonal interdict regards only one or more persons. 

 We shah 1 here speak of the former. Even Catholic 

 writers admit that the interdict lias been often abused 

 for interested purposes, and has produced licentious- 

 ness in the countries and provinces subjected to it, 

 by depriving them of religious service for a length of 

 time. (See the (Catholic) Dictionnaire de Theologie, 

 Toulouse, 1817, article Interdict.) And no one, ac- 

 quainted with history, can deny that interdicts have 

 been productive of rebellion and all kinds of disorder; 

 they served, however, in the barbarous age of modern 

 Europe, as a check against the power of the mon- 

 archs. It is a mistake to suppose that Gregory VII. 

 (q. v.) was the inventor of this mighty engine of 

 ecclesiastical power. It can be proved to have 

 existed before his time ; but it is true that he used 

 it oftener and more powerfully than any of his pre- 

 decessors. The eleventh century was pre-eminently 

 the century of interdicts. Adrian IV. laid Rome 

 itself under an interdict, for the purpose of compelling 

 the senators to expel Arnold of Brescia and his fol- 

 lowers. Innocent III. laid France under an interdict 

 in 1200, and England in 1208. (See Philip Augus- 

 tus, John, and Innocent) Popes or bishops some- 

 times mitigated the rigour of the interdict. Tims 

 we read in the Chronicle of Tours, that the viaticum 

 and baptism were allowed to be administered during 

 the interdict, under which France was laid, as above- 

 mentioned, and which lasted nine months. Innocent 

 III. finally permitted preaching and confirmation to 

 take place during this period, and even the adminis- 

 tering of the eucharist to crusaders and foreigners. 

 And Gregory IX., about 1230, on account of the 

 " great scandal " caused by the interdicts, permitted 

 mass to be said once a week, without ringing the 

 bells, and with the doors closed. Boniface VIII. 

 (1300) ordered the mass to be said without singing, 

 every day, with closed doors, except on Christmas, 

 Easter, Pentecost, and Assumption, when ringing the 

 bells, singing, and open doors were allowed. Mag- 

 deburg was four years under an interdict, because the 

 archbishop of the city had been murdered. John 

 XXII. took off the interdict by a bull. Interdicts 

 were gradually recognised to lie inconsistent with the 

 spirit of the time; and, when Paul V. laid Venice 

 under an interdict in 1606, the churches were not 

 closed, nor divine service interrupted, and only a 

 minority of the bishops acknowledged it. In the 

 beginning of the same century, some interdicts, pro- 



nounced by bishops, excited much attention. It was 

 not uu frequent, in the middle ages, for princes to 

 request bishops to lay the territories of their vassals 

 under an interdict. The interdict must be announced, 

 like the excommunication, in writing, with the causes, 

 and is not to be imposed until after three admonitions. 

 The penalty of disobedience to an interdict is excom- 

 munication. Writers of the Gallican church say that 

 the pope has no right to lay France under an interdict, 

 and the parliaments refused to register them. Inter- 

 dicts are not to be confounded with the simple cessatio 

 a divinis,orthe disuse of religious ceremonies, which 

 takes place when a church has been polluted, e. g., 

 by a murder committed in it. 



INTEREST is the allowance made for the loan or 

 forbearance of a sum of money, which is lent for, or 

 becomes due at, a certain time; this allowance being 

 generally estimated at so much per cent, per annum, 

 that is, so much for the use of 100 for a year. In- 

 terest is either simple or compound. Simple interest 

 is that which is allowed upon the principal only, for 

 the whole time of the loan or forbearance. The 

 money lent or forborne, is called the principal; the 

 sum paid for the use of it, the interest. The interest 

 of 100 for one year, is called the rate per cent., and 

 the sum of any principal and its interest, together, 

 the amount. Compound interest is that which arises 

 from any sum or principal in a given time, by increas- 

 ing the principal, at fixed periods, by the interest 

 then due, and hence obtaining interest upon both in- 

 terest and principal. The accumulation of money, 

 when placed at compound interest, after a certain 

 number of years, is exceedingly rapid, and in some 

 instances appears truly astonishing. One penny, put 

 out at five per cent, compound interest, at the birth 

 of Christ, would, in 1810, have amounted to a sum 

 exceeding in value 357,000,000 of solid globes of 

 standard gold, each in magnitude as large as this 

 earth! (the exact number of globes, according to this 

 computation, is 357,474,600) ; while at simple interest, 

 it would have amounted only to 7s. 7%d. 



INTERIM (of Augsburg). After the overthrow 

 of the Smalcaldic league, the despotic emperor 

 Charles V., in order to place Germany in its former 

 condition, in regard to religion as well as politics, 

 issued a decree, to be observed until a general coun- 

 cil should be assembled. This decree was therefore 

 called the interim, and settled, pro tern., the constitu- 

 tion, the doctrines and discipline of the church in 

 Germany. At the diet of Augsburg (1548) it re- 

 ceived the force of a law of the empire. Nothing 

 was conceded to the Protestants but the cup in the 

 Lord's supper, and the marriage of priests; in every 

 other respect the doctrines and ceremonies of Catho- 

 licism, from which they had been free for more than 

 twenty years, were to be restored. The Protestants, 

 however, contrived to gain time by negotiations and 

 compliances, until the treaty of Passau (1552) and 

 the peace of Augsburg (1555) secured to them com- 

 plete religious freedom. See Peace, Religious. 



INTERLUDE; a piece of music, a dance, or a 

 short dramatic scene, generally between two per- 

 formers of different sexes, exhibited between the acts 

 of a serious opera, to vary the entertainment. The 

 interlude is not an invention of the moderns; the 

 ancients were acquainted with certain short pieces, 

 loosely connected, which served to make an easy 

 transition from one play to another, and to occupy 

 the interval between the two. At present, the term 

 interlude, or intermezzo, is applied principally to 

 small comic operas, written for one, or at most for 

 two persons, but not connected, in any way, either 

 with the play which precedes, or that which follows. 

 On account of the very limited number of persons in 

 the interlude, little more is required of such pieces 



