INTONATION INVALIDS. 



103 



duct us communis choledochus. It is in this portion 

 of the intestines that chylification is chiefly per- 

 formed. The remaining portion of the small intes- 

 tines, is distinguished by an imaginary division into 

 the jejunum and ileum. The jejunum, which com- 

 mences where the duodenum ends, is situated in the 

 umbilical region, and is mostly found empty ; hence 

 its name : it is every where covered with red vessels, 

 and, about an hour and a half after a meal, with dis- 

 tended lacteals. The ileum occupies the hypogastric 

 region and the pelvis, is of a more pallid colour than 

 the former, and terminates by a transverse opening 

 into the large intestines, which is called the valve of 

 tlie ileum, valve of the caecum, or the valve of Tulpius. 

 The beginning of the large intestines is firmly tied 

 down in the right iliac region, and, for the extent of 

 about four fingers' breadth, is called the caecum, hav- 

 ing adhering to it a worm-like process, called the 

 processus cad vermiformis, or appendicula cceci ver- 

 miformis. The great intestine then takes the name 

 of colon, ascends towards the liver, passes across the 

 abdomen, under the stomach, to the left side, where 

 it is contorted like the letter S, and descends to the 

 pelvis ; hence it is divided, in this course, into the 

 ascending portion, the transverse arch, and the sig- 

 moid flexure. When it has reached the pelvis, it is 

 called the rectum, from whence it proceeds in a 

 straight line to the anus. The intestinal canal is 

 composed of three membranes, or coats ; a common 

 one from the peritoneum, a muscular coat, and a vil- 

 lous coat, the villi being formed of the fine termina- 

 tions of arteries and nerves, and the origins of lac 

 teals and lymphatics. The intestines are connected 

 to the body by the mesentery ; the duodenum has 

 also a peculiar connecting cellular substance, as have 

 likewise the colon and rectum, by whose means the 

 former is firmly accreted to the back, the colon to the 

 kidneys, and the latter to the os coccygis, and, in 

 women, to the vagina. The remaining portion of the 

 tube is loose in the cavity of the abdomen. The 

 arteries of this canal are branches of the superior and 

 inferior mesenteric, and the duodenal. The veins 

 evacuate their blood into the vena portce. The nerves 

 are branches of the eighth pair and intercostals. The 

 lacteal vessels, which originate principally from the 

 jtjunum, proceed to the glands in the mesentery. 



INTONATION, in music, relates both to the con- 

 sonance and to the strength or weakness of sounds. 

 Intonation not only includes the act of tuning, but 

 the giving to the tones of the voice or instrument 

 that occasional impulse, swell, and decrease, on 

 which, in a great measure, all expression depends. 

 A good intonation is one of the first qualifications in 

 the higher walks of execution. 



In church music, those antiphonies are called into- 

 nations, which are first sung by the priest, and then 

 responded by the choir or the congregation ; also the 

 short sentence, mostly taken from the Bible, which 

 the minister sings before the collect, and which is 

 responded by the choir or community. Such are the 

 Gloria (q. v.), " The Lord bfe with you," &c. 



INTOXICATION; the state produced by the ex- 

 cessive use of alcoholic liquids. It comes on gradually, 

 and several stages may be noticed in its progress. 

 The first is the condition expressed by the phrase 

 warmed with wine. In this stage, the circulation of 

 the blood becomes somewhat more rapid, and all the 

 functions of the body are exercised with more free- 

 dom. The excitement, however, is not so great as 

 to produce a surcharge of blood in the head or lungs. 

 In this state, some of the powers of the soul seem to 

 act more freely; the consciousness is not yet attacked; 

 the fancy is more lively ; the feeling of strength and 

 courage is increased. In the second stage, the effect 

 on the brain is more decided. The peculiarities of 



character, the faults of temperament which, in his 

 sober moments, the individual could control and con- 

 ceal, manifest themselves without reserve ; the secret 

 thoughts are disclosed, and the sense of propriety is 

 lost. In the next degree, consciousness is still more 

 weakened ; the balance of the body cannot be kept, 

 and dizziness attacks the brain. In the next degree, 

 the soul is overwhelmed in the tumult of animal ex- 

 citement ; consciousness is extinguished ; the lips 

 utter nothing but an incoherent bauble ; the face be- 

 comes of a glowing red ; the eyes are protruded ; 

 sweat streams from the pores; and the victim of in- 

 toxication falls into a sleep resembling the stupor of 

 apoplexy. For some further remarks on this subject, 

 see the article Temperance. 



INTRENCHMENT ; any work that fortifies a post 

 against the attack of an enemy. The word is gene- 

 rally used to denote a ditch or trench with a parapet. 

 Intrenchments are sometimes made of fascines with 

 earth thrown over them, of gabions, hogsheads, or 

 bags filled with earth, to cover the men from the 

 enemy's fire. See Retrenchment. 



INTRIGUE; an assemblage of events or circum- 

 stances, occurring in an affair, and perplexing the 

 persons concerned in it. In this sense, it is used to 

 signify the nodus or plot of a play or romance, or 

 that point wherein the principal characters are most 

 embarrassed through artifice and opposition, or unfor- 

 tunate accidents and circumstances. 



INTROIBO ; a passage of the fifth verse of the 

 42d Psalm, with which the Catholic priest, at the 

 foot of the altar, after having made the sign of the 

 cross, begins the mass ; whereupon the servitor 

 answers with the rest of the verse ; after which the 

 whole Psalin is recited alternately by the priest and 

 the servitor. In masses for the dead, and during 

 Passion week, the Psalm is not pronounced. 



INTUITION (from the Latin intueor, I look stead- 

 fastly at, gaze upon ; in German philosophy, An- 

 schauung,) would mean, according to its etymology, 

 in its narrowest sense, an image in the mind, ac- 

 quired directly by the sense of sight. In the English 

 use of the word, it is confined to mental perception, 

 and signifies the act whereby the mind perceives the 

 agreement or disagreement of two ideas, imme- 

 diately by themselves, without the intervention of 

 any other ; in which case, the mind perceives the 

 truth, as the eye does the light, merely by being 

 directed towards it. Thus the mind perceives that 

 white is not black, that three are more than two, and 

 equal to one and two. This part of knowledge, 

 says Locke, is irresistible, and, like the sunshine, 

 forces itself immediately to be perceived, as soon as 

 ever the mind turns its view that way. It is on 

 this intuition that all the certainty and evidence of 

 our other knowledge depend ; this certainty every 

 one finds to be so great, that he cannot imagine, and 

 therefore cannot require, a greater. The German 

 Anschauung, which literally signifies the same as^Jw- 

 tuition, is used to signify any notion directly presented 

 by an object of sense. The transcendental philoso- 

 phy acknowledges also intuitions which live in us 

 (distinct from ideas obtained by reasoning), in conse- 

 quence of the direct perception of the internal sense, 

 as the intuition of the Divine. Kant distinguishes 

 empiric intuitions (those conveyed by the senses from 

 external objects), and pure intuitions (reine Anschuu- 

 ungen), or intuitions a priori, which are the basis of 

 the former ; for instance, space and time : as nothing 

 can be perceived by our senses except cither in space 

 or time, our notions of these must precede the em- 

 piric intuitions. 



INVALIDS ; in its general sense, a person who 

 is sickly or indisposed ; in its more particular souse, 

 soldiers and officers', who are disabled for foreign 



