IRELAND (GOVERNMENT.) 



131 



Government. The government of Ireland, before 

 the Union, was formed strictly on the model of that 

 of Great Britain ; the lord-lieutenant representing, 

 in a great measure, the person of the king, and the 

 houses of lords and commons being exactly similar to 

 that of the British. Since the Union, a near 

 approach has been made to the system by which 

 the affairs of Scotland were regulated on the like 

 occasion ; but advantages have been conceded to 

 Ireland in the representation, and in the establish- 

 ment of-a court, with a resident viceroy. 



The first establishment of the office of viceroy 

 of Ireland is to be found in the reign of Henry II. ; 

 but when the extension of British power in Ireland 

 rendered such an officer permanently necessary, it 

 was provided by a statute. 



LORD LIEUTENANTS OF IRELAND FROM 1361 TO 1835. 



1361 Lionel, eail of Ulster 



1379 Edmund Mortimer, earl o 



| March 

 1332 Ph. Courtney, lord lieu., but th 



i lord Birmingham general 

 13S4 Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, 



5: Roger Mortimer, 

 I and Ulster 

 UMKfcv Richard II., in pe 



(second time) 



1401 Thomas, earl of Lancaster 

 1410 John, duke of Bedford 



1413 Edward, earl of March 



1414 Sir John Talbot 



1416 Thomas, earl of Lancaster 



1427i Sir John de Grey 



MiS Sir J. Sutton, lord Dudley 



1432 Sir Thomas Stanley 



1431 Lion lord Wells 



1440 James, earl of Ormond (first 



I time) 



1446 l James, earl of Shrewsbury 

 1449 Richard, duke of York 

 1461 George, duke of Clarence, lord 



lieutenant for life 

 1479 Richard, duke of York 

 14S3 Prince Edward, son to Richard 



III. 



1485 John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln 

 1490 Jasper, duke of Bedford 

 1498 Gerald, earl of Kildare (first 



time) 

 1501 Henry, duke of York, afterwards 



Henry VIII. 

 1504 Gerald, earl of Kildare (second 



time) 



1520 Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey 

 1530 Henry, duke of Richmond 

 1558 Thomas, earl of Sussex 



1598 Robert, earl of Essex 



1599 Sir Charles Blunt, lord Mountjoy 

 1639 Thomas, lord viscount Went- 



worth, earl of Stafford 

 1643 James, marquis of Ormond 

 1649 Oliver Cromwell 

 1660 James Butler, duke, marquis and 



earl of Ormond 



loo"J John Roberts, lord Roberts 

 1870 J. Berkley, lord Berkley 

 167* Ariher Capel, earl of Essex 

 1677 James Butler, duke of Ormond 

 1685 Henry Hyde, earl of Clarendon 

 16a6 Richard Talbot, earl of Tyrcon 



net 



1690 Henry Sidney, lord Sidney 

 1615 Henry Capel, lord Cupel 

 1701 Law, Hyde, earl of Rochester 

 i!703 James Butler, duke of Ormond 



(first time) 

 1707 Thomas Herbert, earl of P 



broke 

 1709 Thomas Wharton, earl of Whar- 



ton 

 1711 July 3rd., James Butler, duke of 



1713 Oct. 27th.,' Charles Talbot, duke 



of Shrewsbury 



1714 Charles Spencer, earl of Sund 



land 



(iv. 1st., Charles Fitzroy, duke 

 of Grafton 



harles lord viscountTownshend 

 larch 31st., Charles Paulet, 

 duke ol Bolton 



August 28th., Charles Fitzroy, 

 duke of Grafton 

 ct. 22ml., John, lord Carteret 

 ppt. llth., Lionel, Cranfield, 

 Sackville. duke of Dorset 

 ppt. 7th., William Cavendish, 

 duke of Devonshire 

 ugust 31st., Philip Stanhope, 

 earl of Chesterfield 

 7 Sept. 13th., William Stanhope, 

 earl of Harrington 

 pt. 9th., Lionel, Cranfield, 

 Sackville, duke of Dorset 

 1755 May ath., William Cavendish, 



quis of Hartington 

 1757 Sept. zsih., John Russell, duke 

 of Bedford 



:t- 6th., George Dunk, earl of 

 Halilax 



1763 Sept. 22nd., Hugh, earl of North- 

 umberland 



Ft. 18th., Francis, earl of Hert- 

 ford 

 1767 Oct. J4th., George lord viscount 



Townshend 

 1772 Nov. 30th., Simon Harcourt, carl 

 of Harcourt 

 an. 25th., John Hobart, earl of 



Buckinghamshire 

 Dec. 23rd., Frederick Howard, 



earl of Carli-le 

 Ipril 14th., W. H. Cavendish 



Bentinck, duke of Portland 

 iept. 15th., George Nugent 

 Grenville Temple, earl of 

 Temple 

 une 3rd., Robert Henly, earl of 



Northington 



'eb. 24th., Charles Manners, 

 duke of Rutland, died 24th 

 Oct. 1787. 



3ec. 16th., George Nugent 

 Grenville Temple, marquis of 

 Buckingham 

 . 5th., John Fane, earl of 



West 



eland 



:arl Fitzwilliam 

 ari Camden 

 Marquis Cornwallis 

 lay 2ith., Philip, earl of Hard- 

 wicke 



larl of Powis, (did not go over) 

 larch 2-.tli., John, duke of Bed- 

 ford 



1807 April 19th., Charles, duke of 

 Richmond 



ugust 26th., Charles viscount 

 Whitworth 



Oct 9th., Charles, earl of Talbot 

 Dec. 29th., Marquis of Wellesley 

 July do. do. do. 



uke of Northumberland 

 arquis of Anglesey 

 [arquis of Wellesley 

 Earl of Hadtlington 

 1 Mulgrave 



The lord lieutenant of Ireland corresponds with 

 the secretary of state for the home department, by 

 whose directions he is supposed to regulate his 

 conduct ; his salary amounts to 27,000 per annum. 

 His residence is in Dublin castle, built in 1220. 

 The officers of the lord lieutenant's household are a 

 private secretary, a steward, a comptroller, a cham- 

 berlain, a gentleman usher, a master of the horse, 

 with gentlemen of the chambers, pages, &c- 



Ireland has a privy council, of which the chief 

 officers of state are members. The lord lieutenant 

 is president. The number of members of the privy 

 council is between fifty and sixty. Next to the lord 



lieutenant the secretary is considered the principal 

 efficient officer. 



Revenue. The revenue of Ireland is small. 

 With a population of nearly one half of Great 

 Britain, the revenue seldom exceeds five million 

 pounds, or not one-twelfth of the total revenue of 

 the former, while the expenses and charges upon 

 collection are much greater in proportion. In 

 January, 1817, the exchequer of Ireland was united 

 with that of Great Britain, and the charge for 

 interest and management on the loans raised in 

 England was consolidated with the public debt on 

 that date. 



Social State. Since the year 1825, five parlia- 

 mentary committees have sat on the state of Ireland, 

 and have published five folio volumes on the subject. 

 Much information has also been recently laid before 

 the public by the travels and investigations of private 

 individuals. And from all sources, abundant evi- 

 dence is brought to prove, that a great amount of 

 crime and misery prevails even at this day over the 

 country. In 1833, there were 17,800 crimes per- 

 petrated in Ireland, for which persons were committed 

 to jail. In England, if there had been the same 

 ratio between crime and population, there should 

 have been 34,000 crimes : there were only 20.000. 

 In Scotland, there should have been 4,000: there 

 were but 2,000. A great proportion of these crimes 

 consisted of personal acts of violence or outrage, 

 arising from the brawls of factions, or disputes about 

 the possession of lands. " A small Irish county 

 town, during assizes," says Mr Inglis, who travelled 

 through Ireland in 1834, and who has published a 

 very sensible and dispassionate book on the subject, 

 " presents a spectacle that is never seen in England ; 

 for even supposing the calendar to be as long, in an 

 English as in an Irish county, which it never is, 

 the difference in the character of the cases to be 

 tried, materially affects the aspect of the town and 

 its population. In England, a case of murder or 

 manslaughter, brings to . the county town only the 

 near relations of the party to be tried, and perhaps, 

 of the party prosecuting; but in Ireland, things are 

 on a different scale. The English murder is a 

 private act, perpetrated by some ruffian for the 

 sake of gain : the Irish homicide has been com- 

 mitted for no reason at all ; and not by one cold- 

 blooded ruffian, but by a crowd of demi-barbarians, 

 who meet for the purpose of fighting ; and who have 

 no other reason for fighting, than because .one half 

 of the number are called O'Sullivan, and the other 

 O' something else ; so that when a manslaughter is 

 to be prosecuted at an Irish assize, the case does not 

 bring up merely the accused and his one or two 

 witnesses; but it brings half the "boys" in the 

 county who bear the same name as the accused; 

 and as many more, of the same name as the man 

 who was killed, every one of the former, ready to 

 kiss the book, and swear, that the boy accused of 

 the homicide, never handled a shillelah, or lifted a 

 stone, or was seen in a " scrimmage " in his days ; 

 and every one of the latter as ready to swear, that 

 the boy that was killed, was the most peaceable boy 

 that ever bore his name, and that he was killed for 

 no reason at all. Besides these homicide cases, 

 which are peculiar to an Irish assize, prosecutions 

 of any kind bring together a greater number of 

 persons than in England, for be it a robbery, or a 

 rape, or any other crime, of which a man is accused, 

 all his relations come forward to swear an alibi. It 

 may be easily conceived, therefore, what a motley 

 crowd fills the streets of an Irish county town at the 

 time of an assize. The most numerous class of 

 cases at most Irish assizes, is that which is facetiously 

 denominated fair murders ; that is, homicides com- 

 mitted at fairs ; and I do not know any means, by 



