194 



ITUZAINGO 1XION. 



th. ued lon^ at tile head of affairs, and finally have 

 departed from life respected and honoured as a 

 jtfUriot, instead of prematurely suffering the igno- 

 minious death of a malefactor. Pamphleteer, No. 56 , 

 Annalcs Biographiques pour 1826; 1'oinsett's Mexico 



ITUZAINGO; the scene of a celebrated victory 

 gained by the troops of Buenos Ayres, under Alvear 

 over the Brazilians. In the campaign of 1827, the 

 republicans pushed their forces into the province ol 

 Rio Grande, and encountered the enemy on the field 

 of Ituzaingo, February 20, 1827. The battle was 

 obstinately disputed tor six hours, but was gained at 

 length by the reiterated and furious charges of the 

 cavalry of the Banda Oriental. The Brazilians lost 

 marshal Abreu, ten pieces of artillery, all their 

 munitions of war.'and baggage, and about 2000 men. 



I TVS, son of Tereus and Procne. See Philamele, 



IVICA, IVIZA, or IBIZA (Ebusus); an island of 

 the Mediterranean, belonging to Spain, and the 

 principal of the group called the Pithyusee. Its 

 extent is 190 square miles ; its population, 21,094. 

 The soil is fertile, producing corn, wine, oil, fruit, 

 flax, and hemp, with little labour. About 15,000 

 tons of salt are annually obtained by evaporation ; 

 and it forms, with fish and wood, the chief article of 

 export. Fifty-two miles from Majorca. The capital 

 is of the same name, and has a good harbour. 

 Population, 2700. 



IVORY; the substance of the tusk of the elephant. 

 Ivory is esteemed for its beautiful cream colour, the 

 fineness of its grain, and the high polish it is capable 

 of receiving. That of India is apt to lose its colour, 

 and turn yellow; but the ivory of Achem and Cey- 

 lon is not chargeable with this defect. Ivory is used 

 as a material tor toys, and as panels for miniature- 

 paintings. To prepare it for the latter purpose, it is 

 to be washed with the juice of garlic, or some other 

 absorbent composition, to remove its oily particles. 

 The shavings of ivory may be reduced into a jelly, of 

 a nature similar to that of hartshorn ; or by burning 

 in a crucible, they may be converted into a black 

 powder, which is used in painting, under the name of 

 IP ory black. Ivory may be stained or dyed : a black 

 colour is given it by a solution of brass and a decoc- 

 tion of logwood ; a green one, by a solution of ver- 

 digris ; and a red, by being boiled with Brazil wood, 

 iu limewater. The use of ivory was well known in 

 very early ages. We find it employed for arms, 

 girdles, sceptres, harnesses of horses, sword-hilts, 

 &c. The ancients were also acquainted with the art 

 of sculpturing in ivory, of dyeing and encrusting it. 

 Homer refers to the extreme whiteness of ivory. 

 The coffer of Cypselus was doubtless the most ancient 

 monument of this kind in basso-relievo, and we meet 

 with similar instances in the temple of Juno at Olym- 

 pius, in the time of Pausanias ; that is to say, 700 

 years after it had been built. The ancients had 

 numerous statues of ivory, particularly in the temples 

 of Jupiter and of Juno, at Olympius. In these 

 statues, there was very frequently a mixture of gold. 

 The most celebrated are stated to have been the 

 Olympian Jupiter and the Minerva of Phidias : the 

 former was covered with a golden drapery, and 

 seated on a throne formed of gold, of ivory, and cedar 

 wood, and enriched with precious stones. In his 

 hand the god held a figure of Victory, also of ivory 

 and gold. The Minerva was erected in the Parthe- 

 non at Athens during the first year of the eighty- 

 seventh Olympiad the year which commenced the 

 Peloponnesian war. Pausanias likewise makes men- 

 tion of an ivory statue of Juno on her throne, of 

 remarkable magnificence, by Polycletes, together 

 with numerous others. 



The importation of elephants' tusks into Great 

 Britain in 1831 and 1832 was, at an average, 4,130 



cwt. The medium weight of a tusk is about 60 Ibs., 

 so that the yearly imports of 1831 and 1832 may be 

 taken at 7,709 tusks, to obtain which 3,854 male 

 elephants must have been destroyed. If to the quan- 

 tity of ivory required for Britain, be added that 

 required for the other countries of Europe, Asia, 

 and America, the number of elephants annually killed 

 must appear immense, and, it is evident, that the 

 passion for ivory must eventually lead to the exter- 

 mination of its noble producer. 



IVORY COAST; part of the coast of Guinea, 

 between cape Apollonia and cape Palmas. See 

 Guinea. 



IVY (hcdera helix) ; a shrubby vine, celebrated 

 from remote antiquity, and held sacred in some conn 

 tries, as in Greece and Egypt. The leaves are smooth 

 and shining, varying much in form, from oval entire 

 to three or five lobed ; and their perpetual verdure 

 gives the plant a very beautiful appearance. The 

 flowers are greenish and inconspicuous, disposed in 

 globose umbels, and are succeeded by deep green or 

 almost blackish berries. It ascends to the summits 

 of the tallest trees, having a stem sometimes three 

 inches in diameter, and also clings to the sides of old 

 walls, rocks, &c. It is found throughout almost the 

 whole of Europe, and in many parts of Asia and 

 Africa. 



I WAN, or IVAN; the name of several persons 

 distinguished in Russian history. The most cele- 

 brated are Ivan Wasiliewitsch and Ivan II., who laid 

 the foundation of the Russian empire. (See Russia.) 

 Ivan V. (or II J, Alexejewitsch, who inherited the 

 crown during his minority, was half brother of Peter 

 I., but, on account of his mental imbecility, took no 

 part in the gov eminent. Ivan VI. (or III .) was 

 rand nephew of the former, and son of the grand 

 princess Anna and of Antony Ulrich, duke of Bruns- 

 wick- Wolfenbuttel. The empress Anna (q. v.) took 

 :iim, in 1740, out of the hands of her niece, declared 

 her son, and gave him an apartment near her 

 osvn. She soon after declared the child her successor, 

 and her favourite Biron was to be his guardian and 

 regent. Biron caused the oath of allegiance to be 

 taken to the prince, and, when he was banished, 

 the parents of the child assumed the reins of govern- 

 ment, until the daughter of Peter I., Elizabeth, 

 ascended the throne. The young Ivan was taken 

 rom his cradle by soldiers, and shared the fate of his 

 Danished and imprisoned parents. He was at first im- 

 prisoned at Ivangorod, near Narva, it being intended 

 ,o keep him always in Russia ; but his parents, who 

 were confined at first in Riga, were to be sent to Ger- 

 many. He never saw them again, but always 

 remained a prisoner in different places, particularly 

 in Western Prussia. In 1756, he was carried to the 

 'ortress of Schlusselburg. In 1763, Mirowitch, a 

 nobleman of the Ukraine, who was lieutenant in the 

 jarrison of the above fortress, conceived the design 

 )f delivering the prince. He induced several soldiers 

 to assist him, and, by means of a forged order from 

 Catharine, he attempted to obtain admission to Ivan ; 

 >ut two officers, who guarded him, when they saw 

 hat resistance was fruitless, stabbed the unfortunate 

 irisoner, in consequence of an order formerly given 

 )y the empress Catharine, that he should be put to 

 death in case of an attempt to deliver him by force. 

 She had already destroyed every proof of the claims 

 of the prince to the throne, and prohibited, under 

 jenalty of death, the keeping of coins which could 

 eroind the nation of him. The chapel in Schlussel- 

 burg, in which he was buried, was afterwards de- 

 stroyed. 



IXION ; a king of Thessaly, son of Phlegyas, or 



of Leontes, or, according to Diodorus, of Antion by 



erimela, daughter of Amythaon. He married Dia, 



