I X ION J ABLONSK V. 



195 



daughter of Deioneus, and promised his father-in-law 

 a valuable present for the choice he had made of him 

 to be his daughter's husband. His unwillingness to 

 fulfil his promises, obliged Deioneus to have recourse 

 to violence, and he stole away some of Ixion's horses. 

 Ixion concealed his resentment, invited his father-in- 

 law to a feast at Larissa, the capital of his kindgom, 

 and, when Deioneus was come according to the ap- 

 pointment, he threw him into a pit, which he had 

 previously filled with wood and burning coals. This 

 treachery so irritated the neighbouring princes, that 

 all of them refused to perform the usual ceremony, 

 by which a man was then purified of murder, and 

 Ixion was shunned by all mankind. Jupiter hail 

 compassion upon him, and placed him at the table of 

 the gods. Ixion became enamoured of Juno, and 

 attempted to seduce her. Juno was willing to gra- 

 tify the passion of Ixion, or, according to some, she 

 informed Jupiter of the attempts which had been 

 made upon her virtue. Jupiter made a cloud in the 

 shape of Juno, and carried it to the place where Ixion 

 had appointed to meet Juno. Ixion was caught in 

 the snare, and from his embrace with the cloud he 

 had the Centaurs. (See Centaurs.) Jupiter banished 

 him from heaven ; but when he heard that he had 

 the rashness to boast that he had seduced Juno, the 

 god struck him with his thunder, and ordered Mer- 

 cury to tie him to a wheel In hell, which continually 



whirls round. The wheel was perpetually in motion, 

 therefore the punishment of Ixion was eternal. 



IYNX ; daughter of Pan and Echo, or of Peitlio 

 (the Suada of the Romans). She inveigled Jupiter 

 into his intrigue with lo. As a punishment, Juno 

 changed her into a bird, called the wry-neck (lynx 

 toryuilla) , which still possessed the power of exciting 

 love. When it became desirable that Medea should 

 be enamoured of Jason, Venus gave the hero the 

 magic iynx, and instructed him how to use it in order 

 to inspire Medea with a passion for him. From this 

 time, the iynx became a part of the love-spells 

 among the Greeks. The enchantress tied the bird 

 to a four-spoked wheel, which she turned while she 

 muttered her incantations ; or, according to some 

 traditions, she only stretched upon the wheel the en- 

 trails of the wry-neck. Another method was, to 

 consume the bird over the coals, on a wheel of wax. 

 The magic wheel was also called iynx, because the 

 bird or its entrails were extended upon it. It is 

 sometimes used as a symbol of the art of exciting 

 love in general, and more particularly of unchaste 

 love. In the sequel, the signification of the word 

 iynx became different; and it was extended to every 

 charm in poetry and music. In this sense, the iynx 

 went under the name of the nightingale ; and it is 

 thus represented on the monument of Sophocles, and 

 in the temple of the Pythian Apollo. 



J; the tenth letter, and seventh consonant, of the 

 English alphabet. The character j designates very 

 different sounds in the different languages. In 

 English, according to Mr Webster, it represents the 

 sound dzh or edzh. It has, in fact, the same sound 

 s& g in Giles. In French, it is always sounded like 

 the French g before e and i. In German, it has the 

 sound of the English y in you. In Italian, it is always 

 a vowel (long '), and the character/ is now little used 

 by Italian printers, except at the end of words, for 

 ft. In Spanish, it is guttural, a little softer than the 

 German ch in ach. How nearly the sounds which 

 are expressed by J are related, has been shown in the 

 article G; and, in the article /, it is mentioned, that 

 i before another vowel naturally becomes the Ger- 

 many. (For other observations, also relating to j, 

 see the article /.) Though the character j is very 

 ancient, it is only in recent times that it lias been 

 taken for a consonant, and still more recent is its 

 separation from f in dictionaries. In France, the 

 use of j for the consonant, and f for the vowel, was 

 not established in the middle of the seventeenth cen- 

 tury. Among other nations the mixture continued 

 later. James Pelletier, of Mons, is said to have first 

 placed the.; at the beginning of words which began 

 with this consonant, in his French Grammar (1550.) 

 Gille Beys, printer in Paris, imitated him in 1584. In 

 regard to the separation of words beginning with the 

 two letters, in dictionaries, the editors of the French 

 Grande Encyclopedic, printed in 1765, did not dare 

 to make it; and English dictionaries, even at the 

 present day, are too often disfigured by the mixing 

 together of / and J, as well as (/and V. The En- 

 cyclopedic Moderne calls j a lettre proprement Fran- 

 taise. The other nations adopted it from the French. 

 The Romans, in inscriptions and legends of medals, 

 wrote all words which we write with a j, as Jupiter, 

 Justinus, with an f, as lupiter, lustinus. Yet the 



character j existed several centuries before the fall 

 of the Roman republic. The Greeks had it not. 



JABLONSKY; the name of several learned Ger- 

 mans. Daniel Ernest was born at Dantzic, in 1660; 

 became a minister in Mfigdeburg; in 1686, rector 

 of the gymnasium at Lissa; in 1690, pastor in 

 Konigsberg, and went afterwards to Berlin, where 

 he died, in 1742, being then bishop or senior of the 

 Bohemian Brethren in Prussia (Proper) and Great 

 Poland. He endeavoured to unite the Lutherans 

 and Calvinists. Through queen Anne of England he 

 received the dignity of doctor of divinity, from the 

 university of Oxford. He published a number of 

 sermons and several learned works on theology; 

 among which are his Biblia Hebraica cum Notts 

 Hebr. (Berlin, 1699); Jura et Libertates Dissiden- 

 tium in Polonia ; Oppressorum in Polonia Evangel. 

 Desideria. His brother, John Theodore, was likewise 

 an author. Paz</ Ernest, son of John, born at Ber- 

 lin, 1693. was appointed professor of theology, and 

 preacher at Frankfort on the Oder, where he died, 

 1757. He wrote many works : Disquisitio de Lingua 

 Lycaonica (Berlin, 1714, second edition, 1724); Ex- 

 ercitatio de Nestorianismo (ib., 1724) ; Remphah 

 JEeyptiorum Deus ab Israelites in Deserto cultus 

 (Frankfort, 1731); Dissertationes VIII. de Terra 

 Gosen (ib , 1715, 1736, 4to.); Pantheon JEgyptiorum 

 sive de Diis eorum Commentarius (3 vols. ib., 1750 

 52); De Memnone Greecorum et Mgyptiorum (ib., 

 1753, 4to., with engravings) ; Opuscula ed. J. G. 

 JValer (4 vols. Leyden, 1804 1813). Charles Gus- 

 tavus ; a naturalist, born 1756, and died at Berlin, 

 1787, while secretary to the queen of Prussia; par- 

 ticularly known by the work commenced by him 

 Natural System of all known native and foreign In- 

 sects, as a Continuation of Buffon's Natural History 

 of which, however, ho executed only vol. 1, the 

 Beetles (Berlin, 1783), and vols. 1 and 2, the Butter- 

 it 2 



