JACOBS JAFFA. 



201 



of their separation from the catholic church, they 

 were glad to obtain the protection of the Saracens, 

 who possessed themselves of the East in the middle 

 cf the seventh century. The Egyptian Jacobites, 

 having abused the indulgence granted them by the 

 Saracens, suffered a persecution in 1352, after which, 

 being much diminished in numbers, and restrained in 

 the exercise of their religion, and being gradually 

 separated from their Asiatic brethren, they formed a 

 distinct sect, which exists at this day in Egypt, under 

 tlie name of Copts (q. v.) Internal disputes and poli- 

 tical causes occasioned a separation, about the same 

 time, of the Abyssinian and Armenian Monophysites, 

 from the great body of the Jacobites ; and, after 

 numerous attempts by the popes to bring them over 

 to the Roman Catholic church, they still maintain 

 themselves as an independent sect in Syria and Meso- 

 potamia, and consist of about thirty or forty thousand 

 families. These Jacobites are governed by two 

 patriarchs, appointed by the Turkish governors, one 

 of whom, with the title of the patriarch of Antioch, 

 has liis seat at Diarbekir or Aleppo ; the other, the 

 Syrian, resides in the monastery of Saphran, near 

 Mardin, and governs the Mesopotamian societies. 

 Circumcision before baptism, and the doctrine of the 

 single nature of Christ (hence their name Mono- 

 physites), are common to them with the Copts and 

 Abyssinians ; but, in other respects, they deviate less 

 than the other Monophysites from the discipline and 

 liturgy of the orthodox Greek church. 



Jacobites. In Great Britain, this name was ap- 

 plied to the adherents of James II. (who was deposed 

 1688) and his posterity, and in particular to the non- 

 jurors, whose separation from the English church 

 consisted merely in their refusal to take the oath of 

 allegiance to the new king ; and who had their own 

 meetings, for the purpose of praying for the Stuart 

 family. They were most numerous in Scotland, and 

 were very much lessened by the defeat of the Pre- 

 tender (1745) ; and when, at length, he died at Rome 

 (1788), they began to pray for George III. 



JACOBS, FREDERIC CHRISTIAN WILLIAM, was 

 born at Gotha, in Saxony, 1764, studied theology in 

 Jena, in 1781, and, in 1784, went to Gottingen, 

 where he abandoned his theological studies, in order 

 to devote himself to philology. In 1785, he became 

 a teacher in the gymnasium of his native city, where 

 lie published several works, and, in conjunction with 

 several learned friends, undertook the Characters 

 der Dichter alter Nationen (7 vols.), as a sequel to 

 Sulzer's Theorie der Schonen Wissenschaften, the 

 continuation of which was prevented by the death 

 and 'separation of the contributors. Among his 

 other works are the following : Bion and Moschus, 

 in 1795.; in 1796 and 1797, Exercitationes criticee 

 in Scriptores veteres (2 vols). His Emendationes in 

 Anthol. Grac. (1793) was followed by a reprint of the 

 part of the Analecta of Brunck, which belongs to 

 the Anthology, with indexes (Leipsic, 1794 to 1814, 

 8 vols). His Tempe (Leipsic, 1803, 2 vols.) was 

 prepared contemporaneously with'his commentary on 

 the Anthology, which he finished in 1803.' Of his 

 Elementarbuch der Griechischen Sprache, two vo- 

 lumes had appeared when he was appointed (1807) 

 professor of ancient literature in the Lyceum in 

 Munich, and member of the new Bavarian academy. 

 In Munich, he completed the 3d and 4th vols. of his 

 Greek Elementarbuch, and, in three years, returned 

 to Gotha, where he was appointed chief librarian and 

 superintendent of the cabinet of coins. Here he 

 made out a catalogue of the valuable library, and 

 published the Greek Anthology, from the only MS. 

 which has been preserved, tinder the title Anthologia 

 ad Fidem Codicis Vaticani edita (Leipsic, 1813 to 

 1817). The number of his philological publications 



is very great, besides several works of a different 

 character, as Allwin und Theodor, Rosaliens Nach- 

 lass, Diebeiden Marien, School for Women (7 vols., 

 1827), and Tales (5 vols., Leipsic, 1824 1827), &c.; 

 and few writings are so well adapted, particularly 

 for young females, as his. The first volume of his 

 Greek Reader had passed through seven editions in 

 1819 ; and selections from the work have been intro- 

 duced, as a text book, into Britain and America ; in 

 the latter, under the title of the Greek Reader, 

 edited by E. Everett (2d edit., Boston, 1829). In 

 connection with Boring, he also published a Latin 

 Reader. 



JACQUIN, NICHOLAS JOSEPH, baron of ; a cele- 

 brated botanist, who was a native of Leyden. He 

 was born in 1727, and studied medicine at Antwerp 

 and Louvain. The emperor Francis I. sent him to 

 the West Indies, to collect curious plants for the gar- 

 dens of Schonbrunn. He commenced his voyage in 

 1754, and returned to Germany, after an absence of 

 six years, with a rich store of plants from the An- 

 tilles, Jamaica, St Domingo and Curagoa. He pub- 

 lished, in 1760, an account of his researches, and the 

 collections with which he had enriched the gardens 

 of Schonbrunn, and of the university of Vienna, which 

 were under his direction (Historia Stirpium America). 

 Two years after, appeared his catalogue of plants 

 growing in the neighbourhood of Vienna, and, in 

 1773, a magnificent work, entitled Flora Austriaca, 

 fol., with 500 coloured engravings. He engaged in 

 the practice of medicine in the Austrian metropolis, 

 and also occupied the professorships of chemistry 

 and botany in the university of that city. He was 

 created a baron in 1806. He died Oct. 24, 1817. A 

 A list of his numerous scientific publications may be 

 found in the Biog. Univ. and Biog. Nouv. des Con- 

 temp. 



JAFFA ; the ancient Joppa, a town of Asiatic 

 Turkey, in Syria, in the pachalic of Damascus, six- 

 teen leagues N.N.E. from Razze or Gaza ; twelve 

 leagues N. W. of Jerusalem, and twenty-two leagues 

 S.S.W. of St Jean d'Acre, on a tongue of land ad- 

 vancing into the Mediterranean ; lat. N. 32 3' 25''; 

 Ion. E. 34 46' 18". Jaffa is situated on a hill, and 

 is surrounded with a strong wall of from 12 to 14 

 feet in height. The port is defended by two forts. 

 There are several mosques, and three convents. 

 Vessels cannot approach the city nearer than a quar- 

 ter of a league, on account of the breakers. Several 

 consuls of European powers reside here. Pilgrims 

 who proceed to Jerusalem frequent this city much. 

 It contains 3650 inhabitants. The environs of Jaffa 

 produce fruits of the best quality, particularly fine 

 and large oranges. The Greeks and Phosnicians con- 

 sidered Jaffa as a very ancient place, and it certainly 

 existed 1500 years before the Christian era. lapho 

 was the Phenician name. Joppa is mentioned several 

 times in the Scriptures. During the crusades, Joppa 

 became the capital of a small country of the same 

 name. Saladin burnt it, but St Louis re-established 

 it. 



Jaffa is connected with two remarkable circum- 

 stances in the life of Napoleon : one, the bold expo- 

 sure of his life by traversihg the plague hospitals, 

 and touching the poisonous sores, to give courage to 

 his soldiers; the other, the "massacre at Jaffa." 

 This place contained a garrison consisting of Turkish 

 and other soldiers, in the employ of Djezzar Pacha, 

 when general Buonaparte attacked it. A breach 

 was made in the walls, March 7, 1799, when, ac- 

 cording to the rules of war, the Turkish commandant 

 was called upon to surrender ; instead of which, he 

 cut off the head of the messenger. The fortress was 

 taken and pillaged. Buonaparte, in his letter to the 

 directory, 23d Veiitose, year VII. (March 13, 1799), 



