202 



JAGONELLES JAG TAR. 



says, " At five o'clock we were masters of the city, 

 which, during twenty-four hours, was exposed to 

 pillage and all the horrors of war, which never ap- 

 peared to ine so hideous." (See Afemsires de Napo- 

 l:on, ecrits par le General Baron Uourgaud, vol. 2, 

 p. 376.) Three thousand men, says the duke of Ro- 

 vigo, in his Afemoires, were made prisoners, the 

 greater part of whom were the same soldiers to 

 whom life and liberty had been granted at El Arish, 

 under the condition not to bear arms against the 

 French within a year, and to proceed to Bagdad. At 

 the same time, news was received that the Porte, 

 after having put in irons all the French agents, had 

 declared war against France, and assembled an army 

 at Rhodes, which was to be sent to Egypt. To give 

 liberty again to these prisoners, was to send recruits 

 to die Turks ; to conduct them to Egypt under an 

 escort, would have weakened the small army under 

 Buonaparte's command at Jaffa. A council of war 

 was held, and it was determined that all should be 

 put to the sword. Even Bourrienne, who had ac- 

 companied Buonaparte in the expedition to Egypt, 

 states in his Memoires, that the massacre of the 

 remnant of the garrison of Jaffa was the result of the 

 deliberations of two councils, at which M. de Bour- 

 rienne himself was present, and in which " horrible 

 act of necessity," if he had been privileged to vote, 

 he would have concurred, believing it to be justified 

 by the scarcity of provisions, which were all required 

 for the French army, and the smallness of its numeri- 

 cal force in the midst of a country where every indi- 

 vidual was an enemy. The Egyptians were not, as 

 has been often asserted, previously separated from 

 the other prisoners. As to the poisoning those 

 affected with the plague, M. Bourrienne, whose 

 statements, however, cannot always be admitted un- 

 qualifiedly, says, that he knows that the order for 

 poisoning was issued ; but Napoleon, according to 

 Las Cases, told him that no opium was administered. 

 Las Cases also gives, as the result of his own inquir- 

 ies in Paris, among the principal actors on this occa- 

 sion, that the proposal was made by Buonaparte to 

 the chief physician, who declined ; that no order was 

 given to administer opium ; and that there was not 

 a grain of it at this time in the army. Memorial de 

 Ste. ffelene, Paris, 1823 4, page 268, et seq. 



JAGONELLES. See Poland. 



JAGEMANN, CHRISTIAN JOSEPH, librarian of the 

 duchess Amelia of Weimar, was born 1735, in 

 Dingelstadt, and destined by his Catholic parents 

 fur the cloister. Having escaped from the Augus- 

 tine monastery, he was afterwards sent to Rome, as 

 a penance. He lived there several years, and ac- 

 quired thnt taste for Italian literature which made 

 him a distinguished writer on the fine arts and litera- 

 ture ofltaly. He is the author of a Description of 

 Tuscany ; a History of Arts and Sciences in Italy 

 (3 vols. 8vo.) ; a Magazine of Italian Literature 

 (8 vols. 8vo.) ; the Life of Galilei ; an Italian and 

 German Dictionary (2 vols. 8vo.) ; and an Italian 

 Grammar and Chrestomathy. He died February 4, 

 1804. 



JAGGERNAUT. See Juggernaut. 



JAGO, ST ; the Spanish for St James. See 

 James, St. 



JAGO, ST ; one of the largest of the Cape Verd 

 islands, and one of the best cultivated, and most 

 fertile, is about sixty miles in circumference. The 

 people in general are of a mixed colour, except the 

 officers of government and most of the priests. Cot- 

 ton is produced in abundance, and handsome goods 

 are made of it, of which no small quantity is ex- 

 ported. The chief fruits of the island, besides a pro- 

 fusion of plantains, are grapes, citrons, lemons, 

 oranges, musk and water-melons, limes, guavas, 



pomegranates, quinces, custard-apples, papas, &c. 

 The chief towns are St Jago and Praya, Lou. 23 

 40' VV.; lat. 15 4' N.; population, 20,000. 



JAGO DE CUBA, ST ; a town in the island of 

 Cuba, near the south coast ; Ion. 76 5' VV.; lat. 20 

 :><)' N. It is situated in the interior of a bay, on a 

 river of the same name, about six miles from the sea, 

 and was long considered as the capital of the island, 

 but is much reduced from its former splendour. It is 

 handsomely built, and contains a college, an hospi- 

 tal, a cathedral, two or three convents, and sixteen 

 primary schools. It has a large trade, principally in 

 sugar and tobacco. It has a good harbour, defended 

 by a castle called El Morro. Population, as given 

 in the Cuadro Estadistico de Cuba (Havanna, 1829), 

 is 26,738. Its situation is unhealthy. 



JAGO DE COMPOSTELLA, ST. See Com- 

 postella. 



JAGO, ST, or SANTIAGO ; capital of Chile. 

 See Santiago. 



JAGUAR (felis onca, Lin.) This name, having 

 been applied to several different species, is apt to 

 create some degree of confusion. The jaguar holds 

 the same rank among the animals of the new conti 

 nent as the tiger among those of the old. On the 

 whole upper part of its body, it is of a bright yellow- 

 ish fawn colour, which passes, on the throat, belly, 

 and inside of the legs, into a pure white. On this 

 ground, the head, limbs, and under surface are 

 covered with full black spots, of various sizes, and 

 the rest of the body with annular patches, either with 

 a black point in the centre, or formed of small black 

 spots arranged in a circular form. This animal is 

 found in the swampy forests of South America, 

 especially in the neighbourhood of large rivers, 

 which he swims with great ease. Of his power of 

 swimming, as well as of his extraordinary strength, 

 the following circumstance, related by D'Azara, will 

 give some idea: A jagua"r, after having attacked 

 and destroyed a horse, carried the body of his victim 

 to the bank of a broad and rapid river, about sixty 

 paces distant, over which he swam with his prey, 

 and then dragged it into the adjoining wood. 

 Possessed of such tremendous powers, this animal 

 is the dread of the inhabitants of the countries he 

 infests. It is seldom, however, that he attacks the 

 human race, though he will not shun man when 

 he meets with him. His favourite prey appears to 

 be the larger quadrupeds, such as oxen, horses, sheep, 

 and dogs, which he attacks indiscriminately, and in the 

 same treacherous manner as the rest of his tribe, 

 uniformly singling out the last of a herd as the object 

 of attack. When he has made choice of a victim, 

 he springs on its back, and, placing one of his paws 

 upon the back of the head, whilst he seizes its 

 muzzle with the other, twists its head round with 

 a sudden jerk, thus dislocating its spine, and instantly 

 depriving it of life. The jaguar is generally con- 

 sidered as untameable, and to maintain his savage 

 ferocity even in the captive state ; but this assertion 

 is amply contradicted by facts. The inhabitants of 

 South America hunt the jaguar in various ways, 

 either with a pack of dogs or by means of the lasso ; 

 this latter mode, however, can only be employed 

 upon plains or open grounds,. The Indians are even 

 hardy enough to attack this formidable creature, 

 single handed, armed with a lance of five feet in 

 length, and their left arm enveloped in a sheep 

 skin ; by means of which, they frustrate the first 

 onset of the furious animal, and gain sufficient time 

 to plunge their weapon into his body, before he has 

 time for a second attack. Notwithstanding the 

 strength and ferocity of the jaguar, he finds a 

 powerful opponent in the great ant-eater, although 

 this latter animal has no teeth to defend himself; as 



