JAMBLICHUS JAMES L 



206 



representatives by the people. This, which was the ' 

 establishment of a regular civil government, the j 

 island having been previously governed by mar- 

 tial law, took place in 1661. Afterwards, contro- 

 versies arose between the assembly and the crown, 

 which unsettled the affairs of Jamaica for a space of 

 fifty years. At length, in 1728, a compromise was 

 effected. The assembly consented to settle on the 

 crown a standing revenue of .8000 per annum, on 

 certain conditions, of which the following are the 

 principal : 1. That the quit rents arising within the 

 island should form part of the revenue ; 2. that the 

 body of their laws should receive the royal assent ; 

 and, 3. that all such laws and statutes of England, as 

 had been esteemed laws in the island, should continue 

 such. The most important event in the recent history 

 of Jamaica, is the final overthrow and exile of that 

 formidable band of fugitive negroes, who, under the 

 name of Maroons, had formed an independent and 

 hostile community in the island, for the greater part 

 of a century. On the conquest of the island from 

 the Spaniards, a multitude of African slaves fled to 

 the mountains, beyond the reach of the invaders, and 

 maintained themselves in these fastnesses in spite of 

 all their efforts. Their numbers were continually 

 increased by the accession of deserting slaves, and a 

 harrassing conflict was kept up with the whites, in 

 which the latter were the principal sufferers. In 1738, 

 an accommodation was effected, and a species of 

 independence guaranteed to these hardy outlaws ; 

 but at length, in 1795, hostilities broke out again. 

 The activity and skill of the Maroons rendered them 

 an overmatch for the great force brought against 

 them. In this state of things, the British resorted 

 to the use of blood-hounds, 100 of which were im- 

 ported from Cuba, and, under the direction of expe- 

 rienced huntsmen, were let loose upon the moun- 

 taineers, to seize and tear the unhappy fugitives. 

 Thus hunted down like wild beasts, and hemmed in 

 by a force too powerful to be overcome, they had no 

 alternative but submission. The expulsion of this 

 brave and unhappy race was determined upon, and 

 finally carried into effect. About six hundred were 

 transported to the cold and bleak shores of Nova 

 Scotia, where many of them perished miserably. See 

 Long's Hist, of Jamaica (3 vols., 1774); Edwards's 

 Hist, of the tV. Indies (1809); Roughley's Jamaica 

 Planter's Guide (1820). 



JAMBLICHUS ; an eminent philosopher, a native 

 of Chalcis, in Coelosyria, who nourished in the begin- 

 ning of the fourth century. He was the scholar of 

 Anatolius and of Porphyry, and having become per- 

 fect in the mysteries of the Plotinian school, he 

 taught with vast reputation. He professed to per- 

 form wonders by the aid of invisible beings. His 

 writings discover extensive reading, but his style is 

 inelegant, and he borrows freely, especially from Por- 

 phyry. The school of Jamblichus produced many 

 eclectic philosophers, who were dispersed through- 

 out the Roman empire. The philosophical works of 

 Jamblichus, now extant, are, the Life of Pythagoras; 

 an Exhortation to the Study of Philosophy > Three 

 Books on Mathematical Learning ; a Commentary 

 upon Nicomachus's Institutes of Arithmetic ; and a 

 Treatise on the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chal- 

 deans and Assyrians. St Jerome states that he also 

 wrote a copious commentary on the golden verses of 

 Pythagoras. He died about 333. This Jamblichus 

 must be distinguished from the person of the same 

 name, to whom the emperor Julian dedicates his 

 epistles, for Julian was scarcely born when the suc- 

 cessor of Porphyry died. The best editions of Jam- 

 blichus are these : De Myst. Egypt. Chald. et Assyr. 

 necnon alii Tractatus philosophici, Aldus (Venice, 

 1497); De Myst. Egypt, necnon Porphyrii Epistola, 



&c., Gr. ct Lat., Gale (Oxon. 1678); and De Pita, 

 Pythag., Gr. et Lat., Kuster (Amsterdam. 1704, 

 4to. 



JAMES, ST, called the Greater, the son of Zebe- 

 dee and the brother of John the evangelist, was born 

 at Bethsaida in Galilee. He was called to be an 

 apostle, together with St John, as they were mend- 

 ing their nets with their father Zebedee, who was a 

 fisherman. Christ gave them the name of Boaner- 

 ges, or sons of thunder. They then followed Christ, 

 were witnesses with St Peter of the transfiguration 

 on mount Tabor, and accompanied our Lord in the 

 garden of Olives. It is believed that St James first 

 preached the gospel to the dispersed Jews, and after- 

 wards returned to Judea, where he preached at Jeru- 

 salem, when the Jews stirred up Herod Agrippa 

 against him, who put him to a cruel death, about the 

 year 44. Thus St James was the first of the apos- 

 tles who suffered martyrdom. St Clement of Alex- 

 andria relates that his accuser was so struck with his 

 constancy, that he became converted, and suffered 

 with him. There is a magnificent church at Jerusa- 

 lem, which bears the name of St James, and belongs 

 to the Armenians. The Spaniards pretend that they 

 had St James for their apostle, and boast of possess- 

 ing his body ; but, Baronius, in his annals, refutes 

 their pretensions. 



James, St, called the Less, an apostle, the brother 

 of Jude, and the son of Cleophas and Mary, the 

 sister of the mother of our Lord, is called in Scrip- 

 ture the Just, and the brother of Jesus, who appeared 

 to him in particular after his resurrection. He was 

 the first bishop of Jerusalem when Ananias II., high 

 priest of the Jews, caused him to be condemned and 

 delivered into the hands of the people and the Phari- 

 sees, who threw him down from the steps of the 

 temple, when a fuller dashed out his brains with a 

 club, about the year 62. He was the author of the 

 epistle which bears his name. 



JAMES, ST, OF THE SWORD (San Jago del Espa- 

 da) ; a military order in Spain, instituted in 1170, 

 by Ferdinand II., king of Leon, to stop the incursions 

 of the Moors. The knights must prove their descent 

 from families that have been noble on both sides tor 

 four generations, and that their ancestors have nei- 

 ther been Jews, Saracens, nor heretics, nor called in 

 question by the inquisition. Their vows are those 

 of poverty, obedience, conjugal fidelity, and the 

 defence of the immaculate conception of the holy 

 virgin. 



JAMES I., king of Scotland, of the house of 

 Stuart, born in 1394, was the son of Robert III., by 

 Annabella Drummond. In 1405, his father sent him 

 to France in order that he might escape the danger 

 to which he was exposed by the ambition of his 

 uncle, the duke of Albany ; but being taken by an 

 English squadron, he and his suite were carried pri- 

 soners to the Tower of London. Here he received 

 an excellent education from Henry IV. of England, 

 and, to relieve the tedium of captivity, applied him- 

 self to those poetical and literary pursuits, the exist- 

 ing evidence of which do him honour. Robert III. 

 died the following year, and James was proclaimed 

 king; but, during the remainder of the reign of 

 Henry IV., and the whole of that of Henry V., he 

 was ungenerously detained in England, with a view 

 to prevent the alliance of Scotland with France. This 

 did not, however, prevent the apprehended result. 

 At length, under the regency of the duke of Bed 

 ford, he was restored to his kingdom, after a deten- 

 tion of eighteen years, at which time he was in hhr ' 

 thirtieth year, and highly accomplished, both mentally 

 and in the manly exercises. He married Joanna 

 Beaufort, a lady of distinguished beauty, of the blood 

 royal of England, who is thought to be the fair dame 



