222 



JEHOVAH JEMSHID. 



he delivered the first public lecture in Boston on 

 Biintoiny, a branch of which he was very fond. He 

 delivered, however, but one ; for, on the second 

 evening, a mob, having collected, entered his anatomi- 

 cal room, and carried off, in triumph, his subject, 

 which was the body of a convict, given him by the 

 governor after execution. After an uninterrupted 

 and successful practice of fifty- three years, he was 

 seized with an inflammation of the bowels, originat- 

 ing in a hernia occasioned by great exertion in his 

 first aerial voyage, which curried him off on the 16th 

 of September, 1819, aged seventy-six years. 



JEHOVAH ; the awful and ineffable name of the 

 God of Israel, which was revealed to Moses. The 

 pronunciation of this celebrated nrfayftt^ftarat, 

 which means. He who is, was, and it-ill be, or the 

 Eternal, Unchangeable, the Faithful (Exod. iii. 14; 

 vi. 3), is not known, nor is its entire signification, 

 though it seems to contain all the tenses of the He- 

 brew word to be, and to imply, as above explained, 

 eternal and necessary being. It reminds us of the 

 inscription on the temple of Isis, in Egypt " I am 

 whatever is, was, and will be, and no mortal has ever 

 raised my veil;" and this resemblance may perhaps 

 be explained by the passage in Acts vii. 22, " Moses 

 was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians." 

 (See Egyptian Mythology, end of article Hierogly- 

 phics.) How far it maybe connected with the excla- 

 mation lau, of the Egyptians and Greeks (Diod. Sic. 

 i. 94 ; Macrob., Saturn, i. 18), we cannot decide. 

 We know that the Hebrews cherished the most pro- 

 found awe for this incommunicable and mysterious 

 name, and tliat this sentiment led them to avoid pro- 

 nouncing it, and to substitute for it, in the sacred 

 text, the word Adonai, which signifies the lord. This 

 custom still prevails among the Jews, who attribute 

 to the pronunciation of the name of the Almighty 

 the power of working miracles, and thus explain those 

 of Christ. This religious respect for the name of 

 God is analogous to the veneration of the Egyptians 

 for the proper names of their deities. They may be 

 written either in the figurative, symbolic, or phonetic 

 characters (see Hieroglyphics)-, and, in hieroglyphic 

 or hieratic inscriptions, which are of a sacred charac- 

 ter, they are phonetic ; but in demotic texts which are 

 of a profane nature, the names of the gods are always 

 expressed symbolically, and never phonetically; and 

 Champollion lias even found that some hieroglyphic 

 names of divinities were written one way and pro- 

 nounced another. The Greeks, too, were superstiti- 

 ously fearful of uttering the name of Gorgon or Demo- 

 gorgon, and not less afraid of calling the Furies by their 

 names. (Euripides, Orestes, verses 37 and 430.) The 

 conception of the Jehovah of the Israelites differs from 

 all other theological conceptions of that age. No im- 

 age of him was allowed. He was the invisible protec- 

 tor and king of Israel, worshipped by obedience to his 

 commandments, and an observance of the ceremonies 

 instituted through Moses ; yet the Jews were not 

 sufficiently advanced to adore their Jehovah entirely 

 in a spiritual manner, and the popular belief attribut- 

 ed to him more or less of human qualities. Thus he 

 was conceived, from the time of David, to have his 

 residence particularly on mount Zion. Jehovah was, 

 and still is considered, by the Jews, as the particu- 

 lar God of their race, the national God of Israel ; 

 and it was Christ who first represented him as the 

 protector of all mankind, as a father, and not an ob- 

 ject of fear, to whom the Israelites even attributed 

 bad passions. 



JELLY includes every translucent juice so far 

 thickened as to coagulate, when cold, into a trem- 

 bling mass ; as the juices of acid or mucilaginous 

 fruit, currants, &c., which, by the addition of one 

 part sugar to two parts of juice, and, by boiling, 



have obtained a proper consistence ; also a concen 

 i rated decoction of Iceland moss, made agreeable to 

 the taste by the addition of sugar or liquorice ; also 

 strong decoctions of the horns, bones, or extremities 

 of animals, boiled to such a degree as to be stiff and 

 firm when cold, without the addition of any sugar. 

 The jellies of fruits are cooling, saponaceous, and 

 acescent, and therefore are gooa as medicines in all 

 disorders of the prhnee viae, arising from alkalescent 

 juices, especially when not given alone, but diluted 

 with water. On the contrary, the jellies made from 

 animal substances are all alkalescent, and are there- 

 fore good in all cases in which an acidity of the 

 humours prevails. The alkalescent quality of these 

 is, however, in a great measure, taken off, by adding 

 lemon juice and sugar lemon to them. There was 

 formerly a sort of jellies much in use, called com- 

 pound jellies ; these had the restorative medicinal 

 drugs added to them, but they are now scarcely ever 

 heard of. Animal jelly is soluble in water, glutin- 

 ous, becomes fluid by heat, coagulates in the cold, 

 combines with oils and resins, is decomposed by cor- 

 rosive alkali, and gives out ammonium ; when it is 

 treated with nitric acid, it yields oxalic acid, and, 

 under dry distillation, yields the products obtainable 

 from all animal substances, and can be changed 

 into a perfectly dry substance by evaporation. 



JEMAPPES; a village of the Netherlands, in 

 Hainault, near Mons, on the Scheldt, celebrated as 

 the place of the first great battle in the French re- 

 volutionary war, fought November 6, 1792, in com- 

 memoration of which, while under the French dom- 

 inion, the whole department was called Jemappes. 

 The loss of this battle by the Austrians had a 

 great influence on the public sentiment of Europe, 

 and gave the highest impulse to the enthusiasm uf 

 the French. The consequence of this defeat the 

 loss of the Netherlands and of Liege by the allies 

 would have been still greater, if the French had not 

 stopped their pursuit of the flying Austrian army at 

 the Roer, instead of driving them across the Rhine. 

 The Prussians had already retired to the Rhine afier 

 their unsuccessful campaign in 1792, when Dumou- 

 riez suddenly fell upon the Netherlands, planning the 

 movements of his army with so much skill, and execut- 

 ing them with so much rapidity and decision, that the 

 allies soon perceived that there was no want of able 

 generals among the French. The French army was 

 more numerous than the Austrian, which was com- 

 manded by Albert, duke of Saxe-Teschen, but the 

 latter had the advantage of a position considered 

 almost impregnable. The enthusiasm and martial 

 spirit of the French, which here displayed themselves 

 in all their brilliancy, bore down all obstacles, and 

 redoubt after redoubt was stormed and taken, to the 

 chant of the Marseilles hymn. Dumouriez, who had 

 appointed the young duke of Chartres, now king of 

 the French, his lieutenant, commanded the centre, 

 Dampierre and Beurnonville the right, and Ferrand 

 the left wing. The loss of the Austrians was esti- 

 mated at 5000 men. Eight days after, Dumouriez 

 entered Brussels. 



JEMSHID, or GIAMSCHID; a Persian sove- 

 reign, celebrated in Oriental history, the period of 

 whose existence is somewhat uncertain. He is said 

 to have ascended the throne of Persia about 800 B. C., 

 and to have founded the famous city of Istakhar, 

 called, by the Greeks, Persepolis. To this prince is 

 ascribed the first establishment of public baths, the 

 invention of tents and pavilions, and the use of lime for 

 mortar in buildings. He instructed his subjects in 

 astronomy, and also probably in the mysteries of 

 Sabeism, or the worship of the heavenly bodies ; but, 

 though he is represented as a wise and powerful 

 monarch, he was unfortunate in war, and, having 





