JENA. 



223 



been dethroned by Zohak, an Arabian king, he spent 

 the latter part of his life in indigence and obscurity. 

 His son Pheridoun was preserved, by the care of the 

 queen, from the pursuit of the usurper, and ultimate- 

 ly recovered his father's throne. See Malcolm's 

 History of Persia, two volumes, London, 1829. 



JENA ; a town of Saxe-Weimar, in Thuringia, at 

 the confluence of the Leuthra and the Saale, in a 

 romantic valley, with 60,000 inhabitants; lat. 50 

 56' 28" N.; Ion. 11 37' 23" E. The environs are 

 diversified and delightful, and contain several fine 

 ruins. There are some manufactories at Jena, and 

 it has a much frequented fair, but the chief support 

 of the place is the ancient university. In 1 547, the 

 elector, John Frederic, after the unfortunate battle 

 of Muhlberg, being conducted a prisoner through 

 Jena, and being occupied with the design of sup- 

 plying his dominions with a substitute for the lost 

 university of Wittenberg, founded by his uncle, 

 Frederic the Wise, was pleased with the charming 

 valley of Jena, and advised his sons to found a 

 university here. Three convents, with their posses- 

 sions, were appropriated to this institution, which 

 Charles V. actually chartered as a university 

 (February 2, 1558), though not very willingly, 

 because it was a Protestant institution. Jena has 

 had many of the first German literati among her 

 professors, and the late duke of Saxe-Weimar was 

 stf liberal towards it, that it became one of the most 

 favourite universities of 'the Germans ; but the cele- 

 bration of the jubilee of "the reformation, on the 

 Wartburg, not far from Jena, where Luther trans- 

 lated part of the Bible, and the circumstance that 

 Sand, the murderer of Kotzebue, studied there, induced 

 the other German governments to prohibit, in 1819, 

 any of their subjects from studying there. Prussia 

 revoked her prohibition in 1825 ; but it has not 

 resumed its former standing. In 1829, it contained 

 600 students. The university has a library of 

 100.000 volumes, museums, a botanical garden, an 

 anatomical theatre, &c. It is one of the cheapest in 

 Germany. It is also one of the few where the small 

 sword is used in duels. Schiller, the German poet, 

 was professor of history at Jena, which is the joint 

 university of the Saxon duchies. 



Jena and Auerstadt, Battle of (October 14, 

 1806). Placed in the most unhappy situation, since 

 the treaty of Vienna of December 15, 1805 (see 

 Austerlite), involved in war with England and Sweden 

 on account of Hanover, Prussia took up arms to 

 defend the independence of Northern Germany 

 against France ; but the commander-in-chief, the 

 duke of Brunswick, seventy-two years old, instead of 

 penetrating immediately beyond the Rhine, and 

 compelling the elector of Hesse, who wished to 

 remain neutral, to unite his forces with those of 

 Prussia, concentrated the Saxon-Prussian army in 

 Thuringia, by which he lost not only the right 

 moment of attack, but also all the advantages of his 

 line of defence and communication with the Elbe, 

 while he obstinately persisted in the opinion that 

 Napoleon would not act ou the aggressive. He dis- 

 covered too late, that the left flank of the Prussian 

 army was wholly exposed to the enemy. Napoleon, 

 who left Paris September 25, and arrived at Kronach 

 October 8, had achieved the victory, and the great 

 results of the campaign before the battle was fought, 

 by his generalship in making himself master, within 

 five days, of the region between the Saale, Elster, 

 and Elbe. By his preparatory movements, the left 

 wing of the Prussian army was surrounded, and 

 Saxony, as well as the military roads to Dresden and 

 Berlin, now lay open to him ; whereupon he pressed 

 forward, without opposition, in the rear of the 

 Prussian army, as far as Mauburg, which Davoust 



occupied October 13, while the Prussian army 

 stretched itself from Jena to Eisenbach, and the 

 duke took up his headquarters at Weimar, from 

 October 10 to 12. Two important points, on the 

 left bank of the Saale, were also occupied by the 

 French; Jena by Lannse, and Kahla by Augereau. 

 Napoleon himself arrived at Jena from Gera, October 

 13. He had previously made a proffer of peace to 

 the king of Prussia ; but the bearer of his missive of 

 October 12, from his camp at Gera, did not reach 

 the king till the day of battle. The double battle at 

 Anerstadt and Jena, October 14, therefore, completed 

 the defeat of the Prussian army, already vanquished 

 by combinations. Napoleon was master of the points 

 of passage on the left bank of the Saale. The Prus- 

 sian army, under prince Hohenlohe, was separated 

 from that of the duke of Brunswick ; and the prince, 

 while he guarded the chaussee, which led to the 

 plain, where he expected to be attacked, permitted 

 the enemy to occupy the steep eminences, which 

 commanded the valley of the Muhl, at Jena ; anil 

 the duke himself was equally negligent in regard to 

 the heights and pass of Kosen. These oversights 

 were disastrous, for Napoleon caused the most 

 troublesome obstructions in the narrow ravines to be 

 levelled, on the night of October 13, in order to con- 

 vey his artillery to the plateau of the selected place. 

 In the morning, a thick cloud concealed his opera- 

 tions. By degrees, he brought 80,000 men on the 

 field. The left wing was led by Augereau, the 

 guards by Lefebre, the centre by Lannes, and the 

 right wing by Soult. Key subsequently advanced 

 from the rear to the first line. Three bloody battles 

 decided Hohenlohe's defeat. At first, the Prussian 

 vanguard, under . Tauenzien, was overthrown at 

 Klosewitz, then the main body, under prince Hohen- 

 lohe, at Vierzehnheiligen, and lastly the former right 

 wing of the army, under general Ruchel, at Capel- 

 lendorf. Thus an army of 50,000 men was com- 

 pletely broken up. On the same day, the duke put 

 in motion, on the high road leading from Auerstadt 

 to Kosen, his army of 50,000 men, hi three divisions ; 

 the first, under Schmettau, accompanied by the king, 

 three princes of the blood, and the field-marshal Mol- 

 lendorf ; but Davoust, whose army contained about 

 36,000 men, had already a few hours before occupied 

 the important pass of Kosen. The repeated attacks 

 of the division of Schmettau, which met the enemy 

 at Hassenhausen, and of general Blucher's cavalry, 

 were repelled, the second division of the Prussian 

 army not coming to their assistance, being retarded 

 by the bad roads. The duke himself being wounded 

 in the eye by a musket shot, and general Schmettau 

 being mortally wounded, all unity of operations was 

 lost. The king now committed the chief command 

 to the field-marshal Mollendorf, who gave the orders 

 for the retreat ; but the first division, on their retreat, 

 becoming entangled with the second, which was 

 advancing, Davoust so improved the consequent 

 confusion as to achieve a complete victory, which 

 won him the title of duke of Auerstadt. General 

 Kalckreuth protected, nevertheless, for some time, 

 the retreat of the army along the road from Auerstadt 

 to Weimar and Buttstadt. It was intended to renew 

 the battle on the 15th, but on this day the king 

 received information in Sommerda of Hohenlohe's 

 defeat. As the communication of the army with 

 Halle, where the reserves were stationed, was 

 entirely cut oft", and it was pursued every where by 

 Napoleon's battalions, and reduced to confusion, it 

 was obliged to separate into small corps, some of 

 which, under Hoheulohe's command, reached Mag- 

 deburg, and the Elbe, October 26, by a circuitous 

 route over the Hartz mountains. The loss sustained 

 by the Prussians, up to October 14, was above 



