2-24 



JENKINSON JENNER. 



60,000 men, killed, wounded, or prisoners. The 

 Saxons lost, in the whole, twenty-three officers killed, 

 115 wounded, and more than 6000 men prisoners. 

 The loss of the French, in killed and wounded, did 

 not amount, according to their own accounts, to more 

 than 4100. The loss of the Prussians, after the 

 battle, was still greater; for, October 16, 14,000 

 Prussians, under Mollendorf, shut up in Erfurt, 

 surrendered to Murat. The captive Saxons, how- 

 ever, were released on promise never to serve 

 iigain against France ; whereupon Napoleon caused 

 the neutrality of the electorate to be proclaimed by 

 the grand duke of Berg on the 17th, though peace 

 was not concluded with Saxony till December 11, at 

 Posen. By this measure, Napoleon secured his right 

 flank, in case he should advance to Berlin, and opened 

 to liis own use all the resources of the electorate, 

 which he occupied. The most important events now 

 followed each other in rapid succession. October 1 8, 

 Bernadotte attacked the Prussian reserves of 10,000 

 men, under Eugene, duke of Wurtemberg, at Halle, 

 and made 6000 prisoners. Davoust marched by way 

 of Leipsic and Wittenberg, Lannes by way of 

 Dessau, to Berlin (October 25), which Napoleon 

 entered on the 27th. Spandau surrendered to Lannes, 

 October 25. Meanwhile general Kalckreuth suc- 

 ceeded in conducting a part of the residue of the 

 army, 1 2,000 in number, beyond the Oder. Blucher, 

 on the contrary, did not join Hohenlohe with the 

 wreck of the reserves, but, after the prince had 

 capitulated at Prenzlau with 17,000 men, October 

 28, proceeded to Strelitz, where he formed a junction 

 with the corps of the duke of Weimar, under the 

 command of the duke of Brunswick ffils. His 

 forces now amounted to 21,000 men; but, pursued 

 by Murat, Bernadotte and Soult, he was obliged to 

 press forward towards Lubeck on the 5th, and capi- 

 tulate at Ratkau on the 7th. (See Lubeck.} Mean- 

 while a corps of cavalry of 6000 men, under general 

 Schimmelpfennig, had surrendered, on the 29th, to 

 general Milhaud, at Pasewalk ; and on the 31st, 

 another corps of 4000, under general Bila, at 

 Anclam, surrendered to general Becker. Stunned 

 by this annihilation of the Prussian army in the space 

 of fourteen days, the commanders of fortresses sur- 

 rendered their places to the enemy, without the 

 honour of resistance. The last bulwark of the 

 monarchy, Magdeburg, which was abundantly sup- 

 plied with every necessary, general Kleist shamefully 

 opened to the French under Ney, on the 8th of 

 November. Napoleon, elated by his success, suddenly 

 broke oft' the pacific negotiations, which were near a 

 conclusion, carried his arms across the Oder, invited 

 the Poles to his standard, and came up with the 

 Russians on the Vistula. To all the military reasons 

 for the victory of Napoleon, the great moral difference 

 of the two armies must be added the French, 

 enthusiastic for glory and for their commander, led by 

 excellent officers, mostly young ; the Prussian army, 

 consisting, in a great measure, of foreigners and 

 rabble, ready to run away at the first good oppor- 

 tunity, their generals old, their king weak. Immense 

 resources were opened to Napoleon by the possession 

 of all North Germany, with the exception of Colberg; 

 for he had taken possession of the electorate of 

 Hesse, November 1; of Brunswick and Fulda, Oct. 

 26; of Hanover, November 9 ; of the Hanseatic cities, 

 November 19 ; of Mecklenburg, November 28 ; and 

 of Oldenburg, December 6. November 21, the 

 celebrated decree of Berlin was issued, interdicting 

 all commerce between Great Britain and the continent, 

 and declaring the British islands in a state of blockade. 



JENKINSON, CHARLES. See Liverpool, Earl of. 



JENKINSON, ROBERT BANKS. See Liverpool, 

 Sari of. 



JENNE, one of the most celebrated and importart 

 cities in Central Africa, was first visited by Cailie', 

 the French traveller, in 1828. It is described by him 

 as situated at the eastern extremity of a branch of the 

 Niger, separating, below Sego, from the main cur- 

 rent, with which, after passing the former city, it 

 again unites. The country around, as far as the eye 

 can reach, forms only a marshy plain, interspersed 

 with a few clumps of trees and bushes. The city is 

 two miles and a half in circuit, surrounded by a 

 wall of earth ; the houses tolerably well built of 

 bricks dried in the sun ; the streets so wide that 

 seven or eight persons may walk abreast. Popula- 

 tion is estimated by Cailie at 8,000 or 10,000. The 

 inhabitants consist of various African tribes, at- 

 tracted by the extensive commerce of which Jenne is 

 the centre. The four principal tribes are the Foulahs, 

 Mandingoes, Bambarras and Moors, of whom the first 

 are the most numerous, and are strict adherents to 

 Mohammedanism, compelling the pagan Bambarras to 

 conform to the rules of the Koran, whilst they are 

 at Jenne. The trade is chiefly in the hands of thirty 

 or forty Moorish merchants, who maintain a com- 

 munication with Timbuctoo, in barks of considerable 

 size, ranged along the river. The markets are filled 

 with the productions of the surrounding country, either 

 for consumption or exportation ; in exchange for 

 which, articles are brought from Timbuctoo, includ- 

 ing a variety of European goods. Cailie found the 

 merchants of Jenne more polished than any natives 

 of Africa with whom he had had dealings. The mode 

 of living is extremely simple. See Caille's Journey 

 to Timbuctco. 



JENNER, EDWARD ; an English physician, cele- 

 brated for having introduced the practice of vaccina- 

 tion, as a preventive of the small-pox. He was the 

 youngest son of a clergyman in Gloucestershire, and 

 was born May 17, 1749. Being destined for the 

 medical profession, he was, after a common school 

 education, placed as an apprentice with a surgeon, at 

 Sodbury, in his native county. He subsequently 

 visited London, to finish his studies, by attending the 

 lectures of the celebrated anatomist John Hunter. 

 Returning to the country, he settled at Berkeley, to 

 practise the various branches of his profession. He 

 had already obtained the reputation of an ingenious 

 practitioner, and a man of talent and science, when he 

 made known to the world the important discovery 

 which has raised him to an enviable situation among 

 the benefactors of the human race. His investiga- 

 tions concerning the cow-pox were commenced about 

 the year 1776, when his attention was excited by the 

 circumstance of finding that some individuals, to 

 whom he attempted to communicate the small-pox 

 by inoculation, were not susceptible of the disease ; 

 and, on inquiry, he found that all such patients, 

 though they had never had the small-pox, had under- 

 gone the casual cow-pox, a disease common among 

 the farmers and dairy-servants in Gloucestershire, 

 who had some idea of its preventive effect. Other 

 medical men were aware of the prevalence of this 

 opinion ; but they treated it as a popular prejudice ; 

 and Jenner seems to have been the first who ascer- 

 tained its correctness, and endeavoured to derive 

 from it some practical advantage. He discovered 

 that the variolce vaccines, as the complaint has been 

 since termed, having, in the first instance, been pro- 

 duced by accidental or designed inoculation of the mat- 

 ter afforded by a peculiar disease affecting the udder of 

 a cow, could be propagated from one human subject 

 to another by inoculation, rendering all who passed 

 through it secure from the small-pox. He made known 

 his discovery to some medical friends, and in the month 

 of July, 1796, Mr Cline, surgeon to St Thomas's 

 hospital, introduced vaccination into the metropolis. 



