JOSQUIN DE PREZ JOVELLANOS. 



of his works is licit of Flavercamp (Amsterdam, 1729, 

 in two volumes, folio, Greek and Latin.) The last 

 edition is by Oberthur (Leipsic, 178185). 



JOSQUIN DE PREZ, ADRIAN, JOSQUINUS, or 

 JODOCUS DE PRATO; one of the greatest inimi- 

 cal masters of the Netherlands, who received the 

 surname Prato from his residence during several years 

 at Prato in Tuscany. He was a pupil of John Oken- 

 heiii, called the Sebastian Bach of his time. After 

 having studied with Okenhein, Josquin went to 

 Italy, received an appointment, in 1475, in the papal 

 chapel, and acquired so much reputation by his /./<>- 

 icttes, masses, and other church compositions, that 

 he was invited to Cambray, made chapel-master to 

 Louis XII., and Francis I., and then to the German 

 emperor Maximilian I. He died at Brussels, where 

 his tomb is shown in the church of St Gudala. He 

 was justly admired as a contrapuntist, a hundred 

 years before Palestrina and Orlando. " Josquin," 

 said Luther, after having heard one of his masses, 

 " is master of the notes : they must do as lie chooses: 

 other composers must do as the notes choose." The 

 celebrated Senfel and Nicolas Gombert were his 

 pupils. See Buniey's History of Music, or the 

 article Josguin, in Rees's Cyclopedia. 



JOUJOU (French, which, if literally translated, 

 would be play-play) ; a plaything, consisting of two 

 thin circular plates of wood, about two inches in 

 diameter, united in the centre by a cylinder one- 

 sixth of an inch long. Fixed to the cylinder is a 

 cord about a yard long or more, which is fastened 

 with a noose to the finger. If the cord is wound 

 round the cylinder, and thejoujou is let fall, you can, 

 by a pull before the whole cord is wound off, make 

 thejoujou wind itself up entirely. In this the whole 

 play consists, and yet, from 1790 to 1794, thejoujou 

 was so fashionable in France, that the highest per- 

 sons were seen playing with it on their walks, and in 

 society. The fashion also extended to Germany. 



JOURNAL. Every one has found, with surprise, 

 how quickly impressions, even of important events, 

 vanish ; how quickly we confound dates and forget 

 names. " It is singular," says Byron, " how soon 

 we lose the impression of what ceases to be con- 

 stantly before us : a year impairs : a lustre obliter- 

 ates. There is little distinct left without an effort of 

 memory," &c. For him, then, who wishes to live 

 beyond the passing moment, and retain vividly the 

 memory of his past life, it is of great importance to 

 keep a journal. The practice, indeed, is somewhat 

 in disrepute, owing to the frivolous details of some 

 journals, and the sentimental folly of others. Experi- 

 ence leads us to advise the keeping of a brief journal, 

 to retain the vestiges of the passing time. A date, 

 a name, a jest, a grave observation, interspersed now 

 and then with a whole day's proceeding, given in as 

 condensed a form as possible, a slight drawing, &c., 

 may afford valuable reminiscences. A simple rule is 

 to put every thing in your journal which you expect 

 will be interesting to you after a series of years. 

 Young persons especially should avoid loading their 

 journals with sentiment. In addition to the pleasure 

 which we derive from a faithful picture of our former 

 lives, it is very useful for a hundred purposes, to have 

 the means of finding exact dates, descriptions, and 

 names. 



Journal, in navigation ; a sort of diary or daily 

 register of the ship's course and distance, the winds 

 and weather, together with a general account of 

 whatever is material to be remarked in the period of 

 a sea voyage, such as the shifting, reducing, or en- 

 larging the quantity of sail, the condition of the ship 

 and her crew, the discovery of other ships or fleets, 

 lands, shoals, breakers, soundings, &c. 



Journal is also the name given to newspapers and 



some other publications which appear at reg'ilnr 

 intervals. See Newspapers and Periodicals. 



JOURNEYMAN, formed from the French journee 

 (a day's work), anciently signified a person who 

 wrought with another by the day ; but it is now used 

 to designate any mechanic who works for another in 

 his employment, whether by the month, year, or any 

 other term. It is applied only to mechanics in their 

 own occupations. 



JOVELLANOS, CASPAR MELCHIOR DE, one of 

 the most distinguished Spaniards of modern times, 

 was born in Gijon, in Asturia, Jan. 5, 1744, of an 

 ancient and noble family, and studied at Oviedo, 

 Avila, and Alcala de Henares. As soon as he left 

 college, according to the custom of the country, to 

 raise lawyers of noble birth immediately to the bench, 

 Jovellanos was made alcalde del crimen,or a member 

 of the criminal branch of the audiencia in Seville. 

 Count Aranda, then president of the council, be- 

 coming acquainted with him, seems to have marked 

 him out for one of his new school of administration, 

 in his attempts to improve the state of the country.* 

 He advanced rapidly in his professional career, in the 

 complicated system of the Spanish judiciary, and was 

 finally appointed to the quiet and dignified station of 

 member of the council of the military orders at 

 Madrid. Here he became a useful member of vari- 

 ous learned societies, particularly ofthe Real Sociedad 

 economica Matritenze de Amigos del Pais an insti- 

 tution intended for the promotion of agriculture, 

 manufactures, and trade. In the meetings of this 

 society, he read his Elogios of the celebrated architect 

 don Ventura Rodriguez, and of king Charles III.; 

 and it was by the command of the same body that he 

 wrote his celebrated Informe sobre un Proyecto de 

 Ley Agraria, to which he mainly owes his fame. It 

 is not true that he was prosecuted for the free princi- 

 ples expressed in this work. Jovellanos formed an 

 intimate friendship with a brilliant French adven- 

 turer, Cabarrus, which proved fatal to him ; for the 

 latter became entangled in a prosecution, instituted 

 by count Lerma, minister of finances, which led to 

 his disgrace at court, and he was banished to his 

 native place. Here he remained from 1790 to 1797, 

 entirely devoted to his various studies and useful 

 projects, including, among other things, the working 

 of coal mines. He also founded the royal Asturian 

 institution his darling project up to the last moments 

 of his life. 



Meanwhile don Manuel Godoy, afterwards Prince 

 of Peace, had risen, or rather leaped, from the barrack 

 to the station of prime minister. Godoy was an 

 ignorant man, who happened to adopt the idea of 

 being a " philosophical minister." Cabarrus became 

 his favourite, and Jovellanos was again invited to 

 office, which he accepted with great reluctance. On 

 his arrival at Madrid, he dined with Godoy and his 

 mistress ; and we learn from one of his letters how 

 repugnant this and the whole affair were to his stern 

 virtue. Still, the thought that he might do some 

 good in the wretched state of the public administra- 

 tion, kept him in public life. Jovellanos was made 

 minister, and a colleague of Francesco de Saavedra, 

 with whom he soon formed a close friendship. They 

 were both sensible of the miserable character of the 

 government of Godoy, and prevailed on the king to 

 dismiss him. Saavedra was appointed, in his place, 

 minister of foreign affairs. But this administration 

 was soon dissolved, and both lost their places. Jovel- 

 lanos was not so much regretted as might have been 

 expected from his noble character, for he was not a 



* Jovellanos was the first judge in Spain who had the 

 courage to abandon the wig; and it required all the 

 port of the prime minister, count Aranda to couateu 

 thU step. 



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