268 



JUBA JUDAS 



Tellet, commonly called Tirso de Molina. It is well 

 known that the early French dramatical poetry was 

 much influenced by the Spanish, and the Convidado 

 de Pierra was reproduced by Moliere, as Don Juan, 

 ou Le Feslin de Pierre, a comedy in five acts, after 

 the Spanish piece had already met with great success 

 in an Italian dress in Italy. This name has derived 

 its greatest fame, however, from the opera of Mozart, 

 called Don Juan, one of his most brilliant composi- 

 tions. The variety of sentiments, which the grand 

 composer was able to express in this opera, gave to 

 his vast genius an opportunity to treat, almost in the 

 same breath, the most ludicrous and the most sublime 

 subjects. Don Juan is justly one of the most popu- 

 lar compositions of the German opera. In all these 

 works, don Juan is a travelling rake, who practises 

 every where the arts of seduction. He is equally 

 successful in the higher and the lower ranks, and 

 having invited the marble statue of a commander to 

 sup with him, is horrified by seeing the statue actually 

 descend from his marble steed to accept the offer. 

 Don Juan is finally consumed by flames from the 

 infernal regions. The Don Juan of lord Byron bears 

 no relation to the old story, but in name, and the 

 libertine character of the hero. 



JUBA, a king of Numidia and Mauritania, favour- 

 ed the cause of Pompey against Julius Caesar, and, 

 after the battle of Pharsalia, joined his forces to 

 those of Scipio. He was conquered in a battle at 

 Thapsus, and totally abandoned by his subjects. He 

 killed himself, with Petreius, who had shared his good 

 fortune and his adversity, A. U. C. 707. His king- 

 dom became a Roman province, of which Sallustwas 

 the first governor. 



JUBA II., a son of Juba I., was led among the 

 captives to Rome, to adorn the triumph of Csesar. 

 In his captivity, he applied himself to study. He 

 gained the hearts of the Romans by the courteous- 

 ness of his manners, and Augustus rewarded his 

 fidelity by giving him in marriage Cleopatra, the 

 daughter of Antony, conferring upon him the title of 

 king, and making him master of all the territories 

 which his father once possessed, A. U. C. 723. The 

 Mauritanians rewarded his benevolence by making 

 him one of their gods. The Athenians erected a 

 statue in his honour, and the ^Ethiopians worshipped 

 him as a deity. Juba wrote a history of Rome in 

 Greek, which is often quoted and commended by the 

 ancients. Only a few fragments of it remain. He 

 also wrote on the history of Arabia, and the antiqui- 

 ties of Assyria, chiefly collected from Berosus. Be- 

 sides these, he composed some treatises upon the 

 drama, Roman antiquities, the nature of animals, 

 painting, grammar, &c.,now lost. 



JUBILATE ; the third Sunday after Easter. In 

 the primitive church, divine service was begun with 

 the words of the 65th Psalm, 1st verse Jubilate Deo, 

 omnes terra, Sing to the Lord, all ye lands. 



JUBILEE; one of the extraordinary festivals of 

 the Jews, which was held at the end of every fiftieth 

 year. This festival was proclaimed by the sound of 

 trumpets through the whole country, on the evening 

 of the day of atonement, about the autumnal equinox. 

 It was distinguished by many eminent privileges. 

 All debts were to be cancelled. All slaves or cap- 

 tives were to be released. All estates which had 

 been sold reverted to their original proprietors or 

 their descendants. Houses in walled towns, however, 

 were exempted from this provision. During this 

 year the ground was not cultivated. The political 

 object of it was to prevent great oppression of the 

 poor, as well as their liability to perpetual slavery. 

 The distinction of tribes, too, was thus preserved, in 

 rrspect both to their families and their possessions ; 

 lor the law rendered it necessary for them to keep 



genealogies of their families, in order that they might 

 be enabled to prove their right,to the inheritance of 

 their ancestors. The jubilee, too, probably assisted 

 in tin- computation of time, like the Greek Olympiads, 

 the Roman lustra, and the Christian centuries. 



In imitation of the Jewish jubilee (or, as some later 

 writers have endeavoured to prove, of the secular 

 games of the Romans), the Roman Catholic church 

 instituted a year of jubilee, during which the popes 

 grant plenary indulgences to all who, having confess- 

 ed and partaken of the Lord's supper, shall visit 

 certain churches. The first proclamation for a 

 jubilee was issued in 1299, by Boniface VIII. The 

 profit which the Romish chair drew from it, and the 

 wish that more Christians might have an opportunity 

 of partaking in it, induced Clement VI., in 1350, to 

 declare every fiftieth year, then Urban VI., in 1389, 

 every thirty-third year, and Paul II., in 1470, every 

 twenty-fifth year, a year of jubilee. The quantity 

 of money which the jubilee brought to Rome, induc- 

 ed Paul to designate certain churches, in the different 

 countries of Christendom, where votaries, who could 

 not come to Rome, might obtain the advantages of 

 the jubilee ; but on condition that the largest part of 

 the profits of these provincial jubilees should flow into 

 the treasury of the holy see. The money collected by 

 means of these general indulgences was sometimes 

 spent in wars against the Turks, and sometimes used 

 to advance the building of the church of St Peter's, 

 which, ever since the sixteenth century, had been 

 the standing pretext under which they were issued. 

 The reformation, to which the sale of indulgences 

 gave the first impulse, sensibly diminished these 

 profits, and the jubilee which Benedict XIV. pro- 

 claimed in 1750 had but little success, as was also 

 the case with the last, in 1825, proclaimed by Leo 

 XII. Gulielmus Ventura Astensis, who, prompted 

 by the motives of religion, visited Rome during the 

 jubilee in 1300, gives an account, in Latin, of the 

 huge throng which flocked to the holy city, and the 

 abundant harvest which the pope reaped. The fol- 

 lowing is a translation of a few sentences of his ac- 

 count : " Going out of Rome on the eve of the nati- 

 vity of Christ, I saw a great crowd, which no man 

 could number. It was noised among the Romans, 

 that there were 2,000,000 of both sexes in the as- 

 sembled multitude. Repeatedly I saw men and 

 women trampled under foot in the press, and I myself 

 was several times in danger of the same fate. The 

 pope received from them a vast amount of money; for, 

 day and night, two priests stood at the altar of St 

 Peter, holding rakes in their hands, with which they 

 raked in countless sums (tenentes in eorum manibus 

 rastellos, rastellantes pecuniam infinitarn)," The 

 ferocious trampling of this countless throng brings 

 to mind some of the ceremonials of Hindoo worship. 

 The rakes, with which the money was gathered into 

 the pontifical bank, have, in later days, oeen adopted 

 as the furniture of a hazard, or rouge et noir table in 

 gaming-houses. 



JUDA, the tribe and kingdom. See Hebrews, and 

 Jews. 



JUD.EA. See Palestine. 



JUDAS ; surnamed Iscariot, from the place of his 

 birth ; one of the twelve apostles of Jesus, whom he 

 betrayed into the hands of the Jewish priests, under the 

 semblance of a friendly salutation. His divine Master 

 addressed to him the mild reproof, Do you betray the 

 Son of man with a kiss ? Remorse for his crime led 

 him to suicide. The Cainites, Cerinthians, and some 

 other heretics, held him in great veneration. 



Judas, brother of James, according to Luke, one 

 of the twelve disciples. Matthew and Mark call 

 him Thaddeus surnamed Lebbeeus. He is considered 

 the author of the epistle which our translators call 



