JULIA JULIAN. 



271 



Rncdms, king of Mauritania. He obtained it, and, 

 Jit Uie head of a new army, attempted to reconquer 

 his kingdom. In the mean while, Marius had ar- 

 rived in Africa to supersede Metellus. After taking 

 the city of Capsa, and the fortress of Mulucha, he 

 retreated towards the sea coast, but, on his way, was 

 attacked by the joint army of Jugurtlia and Boc- 

 chus, and obliged to retreat to a neighbouring moun- 

 tain. Here the enemy surrounded them, and, in 

 the expectation of complete victory, gave themselves 

 up to immoderate joy ; but, when fatigued with 

 dancing and feasting, they yielded to sleep, the 

 Romans rushed down upon them from the heights, 

 and completely routed them. Four days after, 

 Jugurtha and Bocchus made a new attack, hoping 

 to surprise the Romans ; but Marius received them 

 so valiantly, that nearly their whole army of 90,000 

 men was cut to pieces, though Jugurtha himself 

 fought with extraordinary bravery. The king of 

 Mauritania now concluded a peace with the Romans, 

 and abandoned his ally. Sylla persuaded him to 

 draw Jugurtha into his power, and deliver him to 

 the Romans. Under pretence of mediating between 

 the contending parties, Bocchus enticed him to his 

 court. He was here seized and delivered to Sylla, 

 who sent him, in chains, to Marius, at Cirta. Thus 

 the war was ended, and Numidia became a Roman 

 province. Marius adorned his triumph with his 

 prisoner Jugurtha and his two sons. After this 

 prince had suffered many insults from the people on 

 this occasion, he was thrown into a dark prison, 

 where he was starved to death after six days. Some 

 historians relate that he was executed in prison 

 immediately after the triumph. His two sons 

 remained captive at Venusium. Saliust has written 

 an account of this war in a masterly style. 



JULIA, the only daughter of Augustus and Scri- 

 bonia, possessed pleasing manners, extraordinary 

 beauty, and a cultivated mind. She was first married 

 to the young Marcellus, the son of Octavia by her 

 first husband. Having soon become a widow, she 

 married Marcus Vipsanius. Agrippa, to whom she 

 bore three sons and two daughters. Even during 

 the lifetime of her husband, she led an unprincipled 

 life. All in Rome, except Augustus, were acquainted 

 with her licentious conduct. After the death of 

 Agrippa, he gave her in marriage to Tiberius, who 

 well knew her character, but did not dare to oppose 

 the will of the emperor. After this new marriage, 

 Julia by no means gave up her former indulgences, 

 so that Tiberius, unwilling to be a witness of them, 

 or to complain to Augustus, left the court. Her 

 shamelessness went so far that she caused to be 

 placed on the statue of Mars, every morning, as 

 many crowns as she had had lovers in the past night. 

 Her excesses at last could no longer be concealed 

 from her father. In the most violent anger, he 

 determined at first to have her executed, but after- 

 wards consented to banish her to Pandataria, a 

 desolate island on the coast of Campania, where her 

 mother, Scribonia, accompanied her. He would 

 never forgive her, notwithstanding the earnest sup- 

 plication of the people. At last, however, he was 

 prevailed upon to permit her to leave the island for 

 the city of Rhegium, on the continent. She never 

 dared to return to Rome. After the death of the 

 emperor, she suffered still more. As long as he had 

 Uved, Tiberius had always professed much tenderness 

 for her, and had often begged him to pardon her ; 

 but now lie treated her with the greatest cruelty. 

 Before, she could not leave the city of Rhegium : 

 Tiberius now confined her to her house. He even 

 took from her the little pension which Augustus had 

 allowed her ; and she died in the fifteenth year of her 

 exile, in poverty and distress. 



JULIAN. Flavius Claudius Julianus, a Roman 

 emperor, to whom the Christians gave the surname 

 of the Apostate, son of Julius Constans (brother of 

 Constantine the Great) and of Basilias, his second 

 wife, daughter of the prefect Julian, was bom at 

 Constantinople, in the year 331. When hardly six 

 years old, he saw his father and several members 

 of his family murdered by the soldiers of the emperor 

 Constans II., his cousin (a son of Constantine the 

 Great) . He and his younger brother Gallus narrowly 

 escaped death. The education of the two princes 

 was intrusted to Eusebius of Nicomedia, who gave 

 them Mardonius for their instructor. They were 

 brought up in the Christian religion, which was yet 

 a new one at the court of the emperor. They were 

 obliged also to enter the order of priests, that they 

 might thus be removed from the throne, and they 

 were chosen readers in their church. This educa- 

 tion produced a very different effect on the minds 

 of the two brothers, whose characters were very 

 dissimilar. Gallus, the younger, never left Chris- 

 tianity, and thus obtained the praise of the ecclesias- 

 tical historians. Julian, being older, had felt more 

 deeply the jjerseculion of his family, and the con- 

 straint and fear in which he was obliged to pass his 

 youth. He therefore sought consolation in the 

 study of philosophy and belles-lettres. At the age 

 of twenty-four, he went to Athens and to Nicomedia, 

 where he enjoyed the society of several instructors, 

 particularly that of the sophist Libanius. Here 

 he was induced to reject the religion of those who 

 had massacred his family, and to embrace paganism. 

 Yet he does not appear to have had sufficient 

 strength of mind to rise above the religious preju- 

 dices of that age. At least we find that he believed 

 in astrology, in the science of the haruspices, in the 

 art of calling up intermediate spirits to one's assist- 

 ance, and learning from them the future, with 

 several other superstitious notions. Constans, who 

 feared an attack of the Germans upon the provinces 

 of the Roman empire, determined at last, at the 

 solicitation of his wife Eusebia, to give to Julian the 

 command of an army against them. He was 

 proclaimed Cassar by Constans, at Milan, in 355, 

 whose sister Helen he received in marriage. He 

 now proceeded, with a small body of troops, to Gaul, 

 which was laid waste by the Germans. It was 

 hardly to be expected that a youth, who thus far 

 had attended only to the study of philosophy and 

 belles-lettres, would be able, especially with so 

 small means, to conquer the formidable enemy 

 against whom he was sent. The emperor Constans 

 himself appears not to have calculated upon the 

 probability of such an event. After Julian had 

 passed the winter in preparations for the ensuing 

 war, he marched against the Germans, took several 

 cities, conquered them in various engagements, and 

 in a great battle near Strasburg, completely defeated 

 seven of their princes, and entirely delivered Gaul. 

 He pursued the Germans beyond the Rhine, and 

 conquered them in their own country. As a governor 

 also, he displayed extraordinary talents. He gave 

 to Gaul a new constitution. He settled the finances > 

 diminished the taxes, and assessed them more justly, 

 put an end to the abuses which had crept into the 

 courts of justice, administered justice himself in the 

 most important -cases, and laid the foundation of 

 cities and castles. While he was thus providing 

 for the happiness of a great nation, he was accused, 

 before Constans, of aiming at independence. The 

 jealousy of the suspicious emperor could not fail to 

 be excited by the brilliant career of his young 

 kinsman in Gaul. He was even base enough to stir 

 up, secretly, the Gauls against him, and to recall his 

 best troops, under pretence that he wanted to employ 



