JULIAN JULIUS. 



tlu in against the Persians. This order caused a rebel- 

 lion among the soldiers, who were unwilling to go to 

 Persia. They proclaimed their leader Julian einjx-ror, 

 in March, :>60, in spite of his own resistance. Julian 

 gave information of the state of things to Constans, 

 who ordered him to renounce his title of emperor. 

 Much as he was inclined to do this, the Gallic le- 

 gions equally opposed his inclination. The emperor 

 11 \\ sent an army against Julian, who made prepara- 

 tions in his defence. He left Gaul, where he had 

 passed five years, took Sirmium. the capital of Illyria, 

 and besieged Aquileia. Here he heard of the 

 death of the emperor Constans. He now passed 

 rapidly through Thrace, and reached Constantinople, 

 December 11,361, where he was immediately pro- 

 claimed emperor. He began by putting a stop to 

 many abuses, and limiting the splendour of his court. 

 Of the thousand barbers, and attendants at the baths, 

 employed by his predecessors, he retained but a 

 single one. The number of cooks, too, which was 

 likewise very great, he reduced to one. The eunuchs 

 were dismissed, as well as those called curiosi, who, 

 under pretence of informing the emperor of useful 

 things, were dangerous spies, and the bane of all 

 social intercourse. After these retrenchments, he was 

 able to remit to the people the fifth part of all their 

 taxes. Julian sought to restore the heathen worship 

 in all its splendour, and, on that account, opposed 

 Christianity as much as was in his power, without, 

 however, like many of his predecessors, cruelly per- 

 secuting the Christians themselves. He took from 

 the Christian churches their riches, which were often 

 very great, and divided them among his soldiers. 

 He sought likewise to induce the Christians, by flat- 

 tery or favour, to embrace paganism, and, failing in 

 the attempt, he laboured to make their condition dis- 

 agreeable. Thus, for example, he forbade them to 

 plead before a court of justice, or to receive offices in 

 the state. Indeed, the Christians were no longer 

 allowed to profess their faith openly ; for he well 

 knew what powerful arms the Scriptures afforded for 

 combating paganism. To render false the prophecy 

 of Jesus, with regard to the temple at Jerusalem, he 

 permitted the Jews to rebuild it, about 300 years 

 after its destruction ; but it is said that flames of fire 

 arose from beneath, and consumed some of the work- 

 men. In the meanwhile, he wished to end the war 

 with the Persians. His first campaign against them 

 was successful. He took several cities, and advanced 

 as far as Ctesiphon. Want of means of subsistence 

 obliged him to retreat. June 26, 365, he was mor- 

 tally wounded, and died the following night, in the 

 thirty-fourth year of his age. 



There is hardly, either in ancient or in modern 

 history, a prince whom historians have judged so dif- 

 ferently. Perhaps it is because his character was 

 full of contradictions ; and some believe that he had 

 so many good and so many bad qualities, that it is 

 easy to blame or to praise him without violating the 

 truth. On the one side, learned, magnanimous, 

 moderate, temperate, circumspect, just, merciful, 

 humane ; on the other, inconsistent, fickle, eccentric, 

 fanatical, and superstitious in the highest degree, 

 ambitious, and full of eagerness to be at once a Plato, 

 a Marcus Aurelius, ana an Alexander, he sought 

 chiefly for the means of distinguishing himself from 

 all others. At the bottom of all these features in his 

 character, there appears to lie a sarcastic, sophistic 

 coldness and dissimulation. Some of his works have 

 come down to us. Several speeches, letters, and 

 satires, among which the satires on the Cassars, and 

 that on the people of Antioch, called Misupogon, are 

 distinguished for wit and humour. The first is par- 

 ticularly esteemed. A critical judgment passed upon 

 those who had sat upon the first of the thrones of 



! earth, by a philosopher who had himself occupied the 

 same sent, must indeed possess a peculiar charm. In 

 his Misopogon, Julian severely lashes the Antiochi- 

 ans, but spares no praise when he speaks of himself. 

 The best and most complete edition of his remaining 

 works is that of Ezekiel Spanheim (Leipsic, 1696, 

 folio). They prove that this emperor posses^nl 

 talent, wit, vivacity, ease in writing, and some fer- 

 tility; but he appears to have conformed too much to 

 the taste, of his age, in which a mere rhetorical style 

 of declamation took the place of eloquence, antithe- 

 sis the place of thought, and play on words the place 

 of wit. He wrote also a work against the Christian 

 religion, of which we have yet s-ome extracts that 

 have been translated into French by the marquis 

 1)' A rgens. 



JULIAN CALENDAR. See Calendar, and 

 Epoch. 



JULIANA ; a female who possessed great influ- 

 ence at the court of the Mogul emperors of H indoo- 

 stan in the earlier part of the last century. She was 

 born in Bengal, in 1658, and was the daughter of a 

 Portuguese named Augustin Dias D'Acosta. After 

 having suffered shipwreck, she went to the court ot 

 the great Mogul Aurengzebe, whose favour she con- 

 ciliated by presenting him with some curiosities which 

 she had preserved. Being appointed superintendent 

 of the harem of that prince, and governess of his son 

 Behadur Shah, she had an opportunity of rendering 

 some important services to the latter, who succeeded 

 to the crown in 1707, under the title of Shah Aulum. 

 He was under the necessity of defending his newly- 

 acquired authority against his brothers by force of 

 arms ; and, in a battle which took place, Juliana, 

 mounted on an elephant by the side of the emperor, 

 animated him by her advice when his troops began to 

 give way ; and to her exhortations he was indebted 

 for the complete victory which he obtained. Her 

 services were rewarded with the title ol princess, the 

 rank of the wife of an omrah, and a profusion of 

 riches and honours. Shah Aulum had such an opin- 

 ion of her talents, that he was accustomed to say, 

 " If Juliana were a man, I would make him my 

 vizier." Jehander Shah, who became emperor of 

 Hindoostan in 1712, was equally sensible of her 

 merit ; and, though she experienced some persecu- 

 tion when that prince was deposed by his nephew, 

 in 1713, she speedily recovered her influence, and 

 retained it till her death, in 1733. 



JULIERS ; formerly a duchy in Westphalia, 

 bounded north by Guelders, east by Cologne and the 

 Rhine, south by Blankenheim and SchleiJen, and 

 west by Liege, Guelders, and the Meuse. It now 

 forms a part of the Prussian province of the Lower 

 Rhine, and government of Aix-la-Chapelle. It has 

 a fruitful soil, which produces all sorts of corn in 

 abundance, together with good meadow and pasture 

 land. Much woad also is cultivated here, and linen 

 manufactured. 



JULIERS-CLEVES-BERG ; a province in Prus- 

 sia, in the German circles of Lower Rhine and West- 

 phalia, comprehending the late archbishopric of 

 Cologne, the duchies of Cleves and Berg, &c. Po- 

 pulation, 908,185 ; square miles, 3636. It is divided 

 into three governments Cologne, Dusseldorf, and 

 Cleves. It is one of the most populous territories 

 belonging to Prussia. The Rhine passes through 

 the whole length of it. The inhabitants are Catho- 

 lics, Lutherans, and Calvinists. 



JULIUS ; the name of three popes, of whom we 

 shall only mention the two last. 



Julius H. (Giuliano della Rovera), a native of 

 Albizola, originally a fisherman, was elevated, by his 

 uncle Sixtus IV., to the rank of a bishop and cardi- 

 nal, was appointed papal legate to France, and, iii 



