JULIUS CAESAR JUNGER. 



273 



1503, was elected pope ; and although, while cardi- 

 nal, the friend of the French, he now became their 

 enemy. He excommunicated the duke of Ferrara, 

 gave Navarre to Spain, besieged Mirandola, com- 

 manded his army in person, formed the league ot 

 Cambray against Venice, and was altogether warlike 

 in his measures. The king of France and the em- 

 peror convened a council at Pisa, before whom he 

 was summoned to appear and explain his conduct ; 

 but he did not obey the summons, and called another 

 council in the Lateran. In 1512, he made open war 

 against Louis XII. The French defeated the papal 

 army near Ravenna, but were soon after driven out 

 of Italy. Julius died in 1514. He is considered one 

 of the most immoral of the popes. His conduct cer- 

 tainly was little befitting the head of the Christian 

 church. To procure means for building St Peter's, 

 he ordered the sale of indulgences, which was one 

 of the immediate causes of the reformation, so that 

 the Protestants may say, without paradox, that St 

 Peter's is the great monument of Protestantism. 

 Connected with the plan of rebuilding St Peter's by 

 Bramante was that of embellishing the Vatican ; 

 and, on Bramante's recommendation, Julius II. in- 

 vited Raphael to Rome, in 1508, where he painted a 

 superb suite of apartments, called La Segnatura. In 

 the ducal gallery, at Florence, there is a fine portrait 

 of Julius II. by Raphael. See Bramante, and Ra- 

 phael. 



Julius HI. (Giovanni Maria Giocchi), a Roman of 

 low birth, called himself Del Monte, because his 

 family originated from Monte Sabino, in the Floren- 

 tine territory. He was made cardinal by Paul III., 

 in 1536, took an active part in the council of Trent, 

 as papal legate, and was the chief cause that it was 

 transferred to Bologna, against the will of Charles 

 V. Julius was elected pope in 1550. He received 

 the fugitive Nestorian patriarch Suluca, and en- 

 deavoured to effect a union with the Nestorians. He 

 died 1555, and is accused of the greatest licentious- 

 ness, even of unnatural intercourse with a certain 

 Innocent whom he created cardinal. 



JULIUS C^SAR. See Caesar. 



JULIUS OF MEDICI. See Clement. 



JULIUS ROM ANUS. See Giulio Romano. 



JULY ; the seventh month in our calendar, which, 

 in the Roman year, bore the name of Quintilis, as the 

 fifth in the computation of Romulus, even after Numa 

 had prefixed January and February. Mark Antony 

 effected a change in its name, in honour of Julius 

 Cajsar, who was born iv. Idus Quintilis, and thence- 

 forward, by a decree of the senate, it was called 

 Julius. 



JUMNA, or YUMNA ; a celebrated river of Hin- 

 doostan, which has its source in the Himalaya moun- 

 tains. It enters the province of Delhi, and, passing 

 the cities of Delhi and Agra, falls into the Ganges at 

 Allahabad. Its length is estimated at 780 miles. 



JUMPING MOUSE (meriones, F. Cuv.). A little 

 animal which bears a great resemblance, in the 

 length of its hind legs, and mode of leaping, to the 

 jerboa. It is found in America, from Canada to 

 Maryland, and perhaps still farther southr. It is about 

 the size of the common mouse. The head, back, and 

 upper parts of the body, are reddish-brown, darkest 

 on the back. The under parts are cream coloured, 

 with a yellow streak passing along the body. The 

 tail is longer than the body. This animal frequents 

 grain and grass fields : it breeds very fast, and oc- 

 casionally commits considerable havoc. When the 

 cold weather commences, it goes into winter quar- 

 ters, and remains torpid till the warm season returns. 

 The jumping mouse does not exclusively move on its 

 hind feet, but is capable of miming on all-fours with 

 great speed. The leaps taken by this diminutive 



creature, when pursued, are astonishing. It some- 

 times clears five or six feet at a single bound. There 

 is another species found in the vicinity of Hudson's 

 bay, which closely resembles the above, in its habits 

 and mode of progression. 



JUNE ; the sixth month in our calendar. Vossius 

 gives three etymologies of the name one from juno; 

 another fromjungo (to join), referring to the union 

 between the Romans and Sabines, under Romulus 

 and Titus Tatius ; a third from juniores (the young 

 men), Romulus having been said to have assigned the 

 month of May to the elders, and that of June to the 

 young men, when he divided the people into these 

 two great classes, the former to serve in counsel, the 

 latter in war. These origins are more fully explain- 

 ed by Ovid. The name has also been traced to Junius 

 Brutus, the first consul. 



JUNG, JOHN HENRY, called Stilling, was born 1740, 

 in Nassau, and died in 1817, at Carlsruhe. In his youth 

 he was apprentice to a tailor. The desire of know- 

 ledge which always occupied him, made him afterwards 

 attempt to become a schoolmaster. He was unsuc- 

 cessful, and returned to the tailors' business, from 

 which, however, he was called several times to be- 

 come a tutor. At last he succeeded in procuring the 

 means of studying medicine in Strasburg, and was 

 afterwards a physician in Elberfield. He has de- 

 scribed, himself, the greater part of his life ; and the 

 celebrated work Heinrich Sailing's Jugend, Jung- 

 lingsjahre und Wanderschaft (Berlin, 1777, 3 vols.), 

 in a new form, under the title Lebensbeschreibung 

 (Berlin, 1806, 5 vols.), is incomparable. He relates, 

 with modesty and simplicity, the way in which his 

 life was passed among the classes of people less 

 favoured by exterior gifts of fortune ; and his pious 

 and pure heart discloses itself so unaffectedly and 

 involuntarily, and the style is at the same time so 

 excellent, that the work is one of the most popular 

 among the German classics. It has a charm of a 

 very peculiar kind, and many readers will sympathize 

 with the author, even in those passages of mystical 

 devotion, which do not accord with the tone of their 

 own minds. His works of devout mysticism are very 

 numerous. Those best known are his Theobald der 

 Schwiirmer, Das Heimweh, Dcr Volkslehrer, &c. 

 Much opposition was excited by his strange work 

 Theorie der Geisterkunde (Nuremberg, 1808), and 

 the Apology for the same (1809), which is connected 

 with his Scenen aus dem Geisterreiche (Frankfort, 

 1803). In these works, he not only shows his full 

 belief in apparitions, and adduces numerous cases, 

 which he considers undeniable, but also tries, in the 

 first, to establish a theory of the nature of spirits, and 

 the mode in which they appear. Even those who dis- 

 believe entirely in apparitions, will find these works 

 of great interest, because they will show him with 

 how much appearance of truth many of the most 

 remarkable cases are related by several witnesses of 

 respectable character, who had not previously be- 

 lieved in the reality of such appearances, and under 

 circumstances which in ordinary cases, would be con- 

 sidered conclusive. Jung made himself known, also, 

 by his numerous works on medical subjects, the ve- 

 terinary art, political economy, &c. He was, roore- 

 ever, one of the most successful operators for the cure 

 of the cataract. " Already has he," says Matthison, 

 in his Letters (Zurich, 1795), " restored sight to 

 more than 2000 poor blind people, not only gratis, 

 but in many cases, with the addition of pecuniary 

 assistance." Goethe, in his Aus Meinem Leben, 

 second volume, pages 378 and 489, gives a fine 

 character of Jung. 



JUNGER, JOHN FREDERIC, born 1759, at Leipsic, 

 was first apprentice to a merchant, afterwards studied 

 law, and, at a later period, devoted himself entirely 



