274 



JUNGFRAU JUNHJ3. 



to lilies lettres. He became tutor to two princes 

 mill, in ITS!), was appointed poet of the court 

 theatre at Vicuna ; but, in 1794, was obliged to 

 maintain himself solely by ins writings. He was ex- 

 tremely diligent, yet his gains were very little: this 

 End his lonely life rendered him subject to fits of deep 

 melancholy, in which, as has been the case with 

 other writers, he produced his gayest works. These 

 were comedies. He wrote a great deal, and died 

 1?<7. His comedies have been published in three 

 collections Lustspiele (in five volumes, Leipsic, 

 17851790), Komisches Theater (Leipsic, 1792 

 1795, three volumes), and Theatralischer Nacltiass 

 Katisbpn, 18031804). 



JUNGFRAU (German, meaning virgin) ; a high 

 mountain, in the canton of Berne, Switzerland, the 

 iii-jhcst peak of which the Jungfrauhorn is 13,720 

 ! ft high, and was first ascended in 1811. The Jung- 

 frau is one of the most magnificent mountains of 

 Switzerland, and is covered with enormous masses of 

 snow and glaciers. See Alps. 



JUNIN, BATTLE OF. This engagement took 

 place, Aug. 6, 1824, on the elevated plains of Juniii, 

 near the lake of Reyes in Peru, when the ^oyalists, 

 under Canterac, were beaten by Bolivar and the 

 united Peruvian and Colombian forces. The com- 

 batants fought hand to hand, with lance and sabre, 

 tliose engaged being cavalry only. This affair was 

 but a prelude to the decisive battle of Ayacucho, 

 which soon followed, and accomplished the final 

 overthrow of the royalist party. 



JUNIPER ; a genus of plants having imbricated, 

 scale-like leaves, closely allied to the cedar and pine, 

 but differing in having the scales of the cone united, 

 and forming a little berry. The juniperus Virgini- 

 ana, commonly called red cedar, is frequent through- 

 out the United States of America, from near lat. 45 to 

 the. point of Florida, and westward as far as the 

 Rocky mountains. It does not attain large dimen- 

 sions, ordinarily not exceeding thirty feet in height, 

 but is highly esteemed for the durability and light- 

 ness of the wood, which is employed in the upper 

 part of the frames of vessels, for posts, &c., and is 

 also an article of export to Britain. So little regard 

 has been paid to the preservation of this tree, and 

 such has been the demand for the timber, that it is 

 now not easily obtained, and is becoming scarcer 

 every day. As is the case with other forest-trees, 

 the farther south and the more barren the soil in 

 which it grows, the better is the quality of the wood. 

 The cedar apples, frequently used in the United 

 States as a vermifuge, are excrescences formed by 

 insects on the branches of this tree. The red cedar, 

 in many places, appears as the pioneer of the Ameri- 

 can forest, fixing upon dry and exposed situations, 

 and fostering beneath its shade young trees of vari- 

 ous species, till it is finally overtopped by them, and 

 in its turn disappears. The J. prostrata, distinguish- 

 ed from the common European juniper (J. communis) 

 by its larger and oblong berries, is a trailing shrub, 

 covering often a considerable extent of ground, and 

 inhabiting Canada, and those parts of the United 

 States north of lat. 42. The J. Barbadensis inhabits 

 Florida, and other species are found on the Rocky 

 mountains. The wood of the ./. Bermudiana is 

 exported from the Bermudas, and, among other uses, 

 is employed in the manufacture of black lead pencils. 

 The berries of llie juniperus communis are made use 

 ot to impart their peculiar flavour to spirit, constitute 

 ing gin. They are also used by brewers, to give 

 pungency to the lighter kinds of beer. In some parts 

 of Europe, they are roasted, ground, 'and used as a 

 substitute for coffee. They are also used in Sweden 

 and in Germany as a conserve, and as a culinary 

 epice, and especially to give flavour to sour-crout. 



Like all plants of the trre.binthinate class, they hav 

 a decidedly diuretic property, and they are much 

 used as diuretic medicines. The oil of juniper, if 

 mixed with nut-oil, forms an excellent varnish for 

 pictures, wood-work, and iron, which it preserves 

 from rust. From the bark exudes a resinous gum, 

 known by the name of gum sandarach. It is in 

 small, yellow pieces, very brittle and inflammable, 

 and of a pungent, aromatic taste. When finely 

 powdered and sifted, it constitutes the substance MI 

 well known under the name of pounce. It is also 

 used by painters in the preparation of varnish, especi- 

 ally of the kind termed vernix. 



J U N 1 US . The L etters of J uni us first appeared in 

 VVoodfall's Public Advertiser, from which they were 

 copied into most of the other journals of the time. 

 The earliest under this signature bears date Jan. 21, 

 1769; the last, Jan. 21, 1772. After they were 

 completed, they were collected (the collection in- 

 cluding also those signed Philo Junius, with the 

 letters of Sir William Draper, and those of Home to 

 Junius), and published by Woodfall, with a dedica- 

 tion to the English nation, and a preface by the 

 author. Besides the letters signed Junius, others 

 by the same author were published in the same 

 paper, under the signatures of Poplicola, Atticus, 

 Lucius, Brutus, Nemesis, Veteran, &c., relating to 

 different subjects, but all marked with the same 

 boldness, severity, and passion, which characterize 

 the former. These appeared between April 28, 

 1767, and May 12, 1772, and are given in the younger 

 WoodfalPs edition as the Miscellaneous Letters. 



Although more than sixty years have elapsed since 

 the publication of these extraordinary papers, we 

 have as yet no positive proofs to decide the question 

 who was the author. The most prying curiosity, 

 and the most industrious ingenuity, have been at work 

 to collect circumstantial evidence on this point, and 

 volumes have been written about it ; but if we may 

 believe a statement which appeared in the London 

 Globe some years ago, the author is a person who 

 had not then been named in all the controversies 

 respecting these letters. " Five letters, deposited in 

 the archives of the Grenville family, at Stowe, estab- 

 lish beyond a doubt," says the Globe, " the real 

 author of Junius. That individual was politically 

 connected with Geo. Grenville, from whom these 

 autograph proofs have descended to their present 

 possessor. The venerable statesman (lord Grenville, 

 son of G. Grenville), nearly allied to the duke of 

 Buckingham (grandson of G. Grenville), has re- 

 quested the discovery should not be published during 

 his life." It will be seen that one of the recent 

 writers on this disputed subject has suspected the 

 author to have been lord Temple, the brother and 

 political friend of Geo. Grenville. Butler (Reminis- 

 cences, first series, letter on Junius), speaking of the 

 copy which the author ordered of his publisher 



bound in vellum," also says, " Who is the pos- 

 sessor of this copy 'f The reminiscent thinks it was 

 not unknown to the founder of a noble house, to 

 which the public owes an edition of Homer which 

 does the nation honour" (referring, doubtless, to the 

 edition of Oxford, 1800, tmpensis DD. Buckingham 

 et Grenville.) 



A writer in the Edinburgh Review (vol. 43, article 

 On the Author of Eikon Basilike) says, " A simple 

 test ascertains the political connexions of Junius : he 

 supported the cause of authority against America 

 with Mr Grenville, and maintained the highest 

 popular principles on the Middlesex election with 

 the same statesman : no other party but the Gren- 

 villes combined these two opinions." Junius, we 

 may add, was also in favour of triennial parliiinienf.s, 

 and opposed to abolition of the rotten boroughs. It 



