216 



JUNKS JUNTA. 



lord Temple's feelings towards those individuals; tliat 

 the political principles of the two coincide : lie also 

 endeavours to show thut Temple's talents, age, cir- 

 cumstances, style of writing and thinking', of which 

 lie gives specimens, render his hypothesis probable; 

 and we would add, that, if it is not the true one, it is 

 certainly embarrassed with fewer difficulties than any 

 winch lias come to our knowledge ; but AW nostrum 

 tantus componere litcs. The most valuable editions 

 of Junius are those of Heron, a pseudonym (London, 

 1801, of which it is strange that we find no account 

 in the English reviews of that day), and particularly 

 of \Voodfall, with notes and illustrations. A French 

 translation by Parisot, with a commentary, was pub- 

 lished in Paris, in 1823. 



JUNKS ; large, flat-bottomed vessels, from 100 to 

 150 tons burden, used by the Chinese. They have 

 three masts, and a short bowsprit placed on the star- 

 board bow. The masts are supported by two or 

 three shrouds, which, at times, are all carried on the 

 windward side. On the fore and main-mast is a sort 

 of lug-sail, of cane or bamboo. Similar to these 

 junks are the Japanese barks, which are eighty or 

 ninety feet long on one deck, but have only one mast, 

 that carries a square-sail, and forward one or two 

 jibs, made of cotton. 



JUNO (with the Greeks, H^), the highest and 

 most powerful divinity of the Greeks and Romans, 

 next to Jupiter (the Greek Zi), of whom she was 

 the sister and wife, was the daughter of Kronos 

 (Saturn) and Rhea Arcadia. Argos and Samos 

 claimed the honour of her birth. According to 

 Homer, she was educated by Oceanus and Thetis; 

 according to others, by the Hours. Her marriage 

 with Jupiter, on the island of Crete, was honoured by 

 the presence of all the gods. According to Homer, 

 Jupiter embraced her without the knowledge of her 

 parents ; and others say that he subdued her by arti- 

 fice, on the island of Samos, and there married her. 

 After he liad loved her for a long time without any 

 return, he once saw her without her attendants, wan- 

 dering on the mountain of Thronax, and afterwards 

 lying down to rest. He collected a dark cloud, and 

 threw himself at her feet in the form of a cuckoo, 

 trembling with wet and cold. She compassionately 

 took the poor bird under her mantle ; but the god 

 immediately assumed his true form, and, in order to 

 enjoy her, promised her marriage. Their marriage 

 was not fortunate. The proud, ambitious, and 

 jealous Juno could not bear the frequent infidelities 

 of her husband ; but he treated her with all that 

 severity which, in ancient times, the husband was 

 accustomed to use towards his wife. The ancient 

 poets, particularly Homer, give us many instances oi 

 this kind. When Juno had driven Hercules, the 

 favourite of her husband, to Cos, by a storm, Jupiter 

 was so angry that he bound her hands and feet, 

 loaded her with two anvils, and suspended her from 

 Olympus. No one of the other gods could help her. 

 During the Trojan war, having lulled Jupiter to 

 sleep, in order to give the victory to the Greeks 

 during his slumbers, she escaped with difficulty from 

 the blows which Jupiter aimed at her when he 

 awoke. In the oldest poetry, Juno is described as a 

 divinity hostile to Hercules, appearing unpropitious 

 to him, even at his birth, and opposing him after 

 wards in all his undertakings. Homer generalizec 

 this idea, and represented her as a malicious goddess 

 of whom he made use whenever a plan was to b 

 interrupted, or an enterprise defeated. He describe 

 minutely the art which Juno used to assist the 

 Greeks, contrary to the command of her husband 

 She is also the malicious persecutor of the objects o 

 Jupiter's amours (e. g., Latona, Semele, and Ale 

 mene), and of their children by him. Among th 



alter, Hercules and Bacchus suffered most, ihe 

 I'hchiins likewise felt the effects of her hatred, 

 )ecause Hercules was born among them. She per- 

 secuted Athamas and his family, because he had 

 educated the young Bacchus. All who assumed to 

 hemselves, or attributed to others, a superiority to 

 er, experienced her vengeance. The beauty of 

 uno is elevated, majestic, and calculated to inspire 

 we : she wanted the soft, insinuating, and heart- 

 ouching beauty of Venns. In the Trojan war, she 

 vas the protector of the Greeks. She sometimes 

 ningled herself in the combat : thus, e. g., Jupiter 

 >nce allowed her to remove Mars, the protector ot 

 he Trojans, from the battle. No one of the god- 

 lesses dared contend with her in figlit. Diana once 

 ittempted it, but her cheeks felt the strength of the 

 nighty Juno. Her children were Hebe, Ilythyia, 

 Mars, and Vulcan. The last, however, she is said 

 o have born without the assistance of Jupiter, ic 

 evenge for his producing Minerva from his own 

 >rain. According to some writers, she was also the 

 mother of the monster Typhon ; but others assign 

 lira a different origin. Four different ideas are 

 associated with Juno. According to the Orphic 

 doctrines, she was the symbol of the lower air, as 

 Jupiter was of the upper air, or of the air in general. 

 With this was joined another idea, derived from the 

 Pelasgic religion at Samos, which represented her as 

 the queen of the gods. To this was added the Phoe- 

 nician notion ; the Venus Urania, by which name the 

 Phoenicians worshipped nature, being confounded, in 

 Greece, with Juno. As such, she was particularly 

 worshipped at Argos. Finally, the poets gave her 

 the character of a malicious goddess, who counter- 

 acted the projects of Jupiter and other gods, or of 

 leroes and men. She was worshipped in all Greece, 

 but her principal seats were at A rgos, in the vicinity 

 of which was her famous temple, the Heraeum, and 

 at Samos, the place of her birth and marriage ; 

 lience one of her epithets was Samia. The Samian 

 Juno was represented, on coins, with a crescent on 

 her head, and her hands resting on two wands. The, 

 companions of Juno were the Nymphs, Graces, and 

 Hours. Iris was her particular servant. Among 

 animals, the peacock, the goose, and the cuckoo 

 were sacred to her. Her usual attribute is the royal 

 diadem, formed like a long triangle. She often has 

 a veil bespangled with stars, either as a covering for 

 herhead, or hanging loosely behind her. On a gem 

 in the collection of Stosch, she appears in calm 

 majesty, seated on a throne, having at her back, on 

 each side, the sun and moon, and over her head the 

 planets, to signify that she is the queen of heaven. 

 She is drawn in a carriage by two peacocks. The 

 statues of Juno, among the ancients, were not very 

 numerous, and even during the time when sculpture 

 was in its most perfect state, the Greeks possessed 

 no particularly celebrated statues of her. Most of 

 the portraits of Juno, on gems, are by the Greek 

 artists at the time of the Roman emperors. Juno 

 had the ssme character among the Romans as among 

 the Greeks. They called her generally Juno Regina 

 (Regia), Pronuba Matrona (as protector of betrothed 

 virgins), Lucina (q. v.), and Ilythyia. She had 

 several temples in Rome. The first days of every 

 month, and the whole of June, were sacred to her. 

 On the planet of this name, see Planets. 



JUNTA (Spanish, an assembly), in Spain ; a high 

 council of state. There were, formerly, but two 

 the royal junta of commerce, the mint and the mines 

 (real Junta general de comercio, moneda, minas, y 

 dependencias de estrangeros] , and the board of the 

 tobacco monopoly (real junta de talacd). Thp 

 assembly of the estates of the kingdom was called 

 the cartes. But in 1808, Napoleon summoned to- 



