JUPITER JURY. 



279 



with other figures. That celebrated masterpiece of 

 (Irecian art, the statue of Jupiter Olympius, by 

 Phidias, is indeed lost to us. But it is highly probable 

 tiiat in the excellent heads on gems, the principal 

 traits of it are preserved. Upon a gem in the cabinet 

 of Stosch, the beholder admires the deep seriousness 

 mingled with a heavenly mildness, which is spread 

 over his whole countenance, and the beautiful growth 

 of hair falling down, not like the crisped locks of 

 youths, but in gentle undulations of a ripe, manly 

 age, closely resembling the mane of the lion, the king 

 of beasts. Upon another gem, Jupiter is enthroned 

 in an arm chair, as king of heaven and earth. The 

 moon and stars are round about him, the globe is in 

 his right hand, the sceptre in his left, and a diadem on 

 his head, to point Mm out clearly as the supreme 

 ruler. The lower part of the body is covered. The 

 eagle at his feet sits looking up to him, awaiting his 

 commands. When Jupiter stands, he is generally 

 naked, because he is then occupied in a way which 

 makes clothing an incumbrance. Bulls and eagles 

 were usually offered to him ; the oak and beech trees 

 were sacred to him. In the second month of every 

 fifth year, the Olympic games were celebrated in 

 honour of him. Besides the Homeric and Orphic 

 hymns in honour of Jupiter, we have one by Calli- 

 machus and Cleanthes. We would remark that the 

 ancients reckoned many different Jupiters. Varro 

 gives 300 of that name, and Cicero three, as the most 

 distinguished the sons of ^Ether, of Coelus, and of 

 Saturn. To the last, the actions of all the rest were 

 finally attributed. 



Jupiter Ammon. Sufficient has been said for the 

 limits of this work, on this great deity of the Egyp- 

 tians, in Ammon, and in Egyptian Mythology, in the 

 article Hieroglyphics. We will only add, that in the 

 Transactions of the American Philosophical society 

 (Vol. 4, new series, No. 1), a publication not yet out 

 when the above-mentioned article was prepared, Mr 

 Hodgson directs the attention of the etymologist for 

 the origin of the word Ammon to the Berber word 

 Aman, water (the very contrary to ap/ia, sand, the 

 word from which Ammon is generally derived). 

 (See also Champollion's Tableau General, prefixed 

 to his volume of plates, No. 39, a.) 



Jupiter, in astronomy. See Planets. 



JURA ; one of the Hebrides, or Western Islands 

 of Scotland, situated to the north-east of the island of 

 Islay, and opposite to the district of Knap-dale, in 

 Argyleshire, to which county it is annexed. It ex- 

 tends fully twenty-six miles in length, and is on an 

 average seven broad, containing 58,500 Scots acres, 

 of which only 3000 are arable. It is the most rug- 

 ged of the Western Isles, being composed chiefly 

 of huge rocks, piled on one another in the ut- 

 most disorder, naked, and incapable of cultivation. 

 The mountainous ridges terminate in three or four 

 similar peaked mountains, called the paps of Jura. 

 The only crops are oats, barley, potatoes and flax ; 

 the chief manure is the sea-weed, which is cast ashore. 

 There is only one small village, called Jura. The 

 Gaelic language is spoken in the island. Population, 

 in 1831, 1312. See Hebrides. 



JURA ; a chain of mountains about sixty leagues 

 in length, and fifteen in breadth. It is a continuation 

 of the Savoy Alps (q. v.), extending from the Rhine, 

 near Bale, to the Rhone, about ten miles below 

 Geneva. By the low range of mountains in the 

 Pays de Vaud, the Jura is connected with the lofty 

 Alps of Berne. It stretches towards the north in 

 several long ridges between France and Switzerland; 

 the ridges then separate, and the eastern one, which 

 1< the principal, is continued through Nenfchatel and 

 the canton of Soleure, and terminates on the eastern 

 side of the Frirkthal, in the canton of .\nrt>aii,on the 



Rhine, where, on the German side, the Schwarzwald 

 or Black Forest is a continuation of it. The wes- 

 tern branch extends farther to the north, and takes the 

 name of the Vosges. Jura has neither the pointed 

 summits nor the perennial snows of the highest peaks 

 of the Alps. One of the highest peaks, mount Recu- 

 let, is elevated 5310 feet above the level of the sea, 

 and the Dole, 5185 feet. The French department of 

 the Jura, a portion of Franche-Comte', on the FurU-use 

 and the Doubs, furnishes silver, copper, iron, lead, 

 marble, and salt. The chief town is Lons-le Saul- 

 nier. 



JURG UR A (anciently, Mons Ferratus); a moun- 

 tain of Africa, in Algiers, supposed to be the highest 

 in Barbary ; twenty-four miles S. of Dellys, sixty S. 

 E. of Algiers. It is at least twenty-four miles long ; 

 and, if we except a pool of good water, bordered 

 round with arable ground, that lies near the middle 

 of it, the whole, from one end to the other, is a con- 

 tinued range of naked rocks and precipices. In the 

 winter season, the ridge of this mountain is always 

 covered with snow. 



JURY. [Written by a civilian.*] The right of 

 punishing is inseparable from the executive power 

 in a state ; but, since the penal authority has to decide 

 respecting the property, freedom and life of citizens, 

 the executive or highest power may easily degener- 

 ate into despotism, and the relation of the citizen to 

 the government into slavery, if it can punish at will. 

 It consequently becomes an object to deprive the 

 government of the will and power to punish unjustly 

 Now, since, in every case of punishment, a double 

 question is to be answered first, whether the accus, 

 ed committed the act with which he is charged, and, 

 secondly, if he is guilty, what consequences do the 

 laws attach to the deed, and what punishment must 

 be inflicted the executive power will be sufficiently 

 restricted, if we leave it to answer merely the last 

 question, and leave the decision of the first to a sepa- 

 rate, independent authority. This can neither be 

 limited to single individuals, nor to a permanent 

 college. Both are too much subject to the influences 

 of the supreme power. The mass of the people, 

 alone, is not to be corrupted. But, since the mass 

 of the people cannot sit in judgment, and it is also 

 known how little impartial justice is to be expected 

 from the multitude, when their own interest is con- 

 cerned, this agency must be committed to sworn 

 substitutes, chosen for single cases, or only for short 

 periods, in order that the popular tribunal may not 

 degenerate into an established office. These substi- 

 tutes, as they are not determined beforehand, cannot 

 become the object of corrupting influences, which, 

 though they may find access with some, hardly can 

 with all. In these views lie the foundation and es- 

 sence of juries ; namely, of the petty jury in England, 

 and of the jury de judgment, in imitation of it, among 

 the French. In the former country, the love of free- 

 dom proceeded still farther, and on account of the 

 mischief that may be produced by complaints, in- 

 vented the grand jury, consisting, likewise, of sworn 

 representatives of the people, whose function it is to 

 decide respecting the admissibility of complaints, and 

 whether, in conformity with them, a criminal prose- 

 cution is to be instituted against any one. Its conn- 



* The first portion of this article as far as page 283 ig 

 translated from the German Conversations Lexicon, and 

 was written by a German civilian accustomed to the juridi- 

 cal practice of countries where the civil law prevails, and 

 where the trial by jury is imperfectly understood, and, it 

 introduced at all, has been imperfectly administered. It has 

 been retained, because it .has been thought that the views of 

 the continental jurists on this subject would be curious and 

 instructive. The writer, it will be seen, consilient the trial 

 by jury almost solely wiih reference to criminal caen.- 

 The remainder of the article wag written by au eminent 

 American jurist- 



