290 



JUSSIEU- JUSTIN. 



adopted children). Heineccius and others mention 

 only l\\ojttra (Juiri .. ainl, besides them, jus rivitntis 

 or civitiix JitiMitiin. ('(Hindi De Jure Qtur. tt Ciri- 

 tale Montana non diverso, IIt>lm>i;idt. 171'.', Ito U of 

 a different opinion. Still different is tlie opinion of ] 

 Cramer. (De Juris Qttiri. et Civitiilis JHxrrimiiie. 

 Kiel, 1803, 4to.) At all events, the jus ciritatix was 

 of a more limited character than thi jus Quiritium. 

 Thus newly admitted citizens received it. 



JUSSIEU, ANTON- v and BKCXAUP, UK; two bro- 

 thers, born at Lyons, in the latter part of tiie - cu- 

 teenth century, eminent as physicians and botani-H. 



Antony made a botanical tour, and brought from 

 Spain a large collection of plants. After this he 

 wrote upon subjects connected with natural Jn'story 

 and medicine, and died in 1758, in the seventy-second 

 year of his age, much lamented on account of his 

 philanthropy. 



Bernard, born in 1699, was appointed professor 

 of botany in the royal botanical garden. We are 

 indebted to him for a new edition, in two volumes, 

 iJJmo, of Tournefort's History of Plants in the 

 Neighbourhood of Paris (Histoire des Plantes gui 

 naissent aux Environs de Paris), published in 1725. 

 Jussieu's scholars used to bring him flowers which 

 they had mutilated or compounded with others, for 

 the purpose of testing his knowledge, and he always 

 recognised them immediately. Some of them having 

 made the same experiment on Linneeus, he said 

 "God or your teacher (Jussieu) can alone answer 

 your questions." Jussieu, after having been a long 

 time employed upon a systematic division of the 

 vegetable kingdom, died in 1777, aged seventy-nine. 

 Cuvier, in a biographical memoir on Richard, calls 

 Bernard de Jussieu " the most modest, and, perhaps, 

 the most profound botanist of the eighteenth century, 

 who, although he scarcely published any thing, is, 

 nevertheless, the inspiring genius of modem bo- 

 tanists." 



Antony Laurence Jussieu, nephew of Bernard, 

 born at Lyons, in 1748, physician, member of the 

 academy of sciences at Paris, and of the royal medi- 

 cal school, made a report, in 1804, on the results of 

 captain Baudin's voyage to New Holland. In the 

 anatomy of plants, he has distinguished himself by 

 having- made known the discovery of a substance 

 enclosed in the kernel, called by him perispermu. 



JUSTICE OF THE PEACE. The word justice 

 is applied to judicial magistrates; as justices of such 

 a court, and, in English laws, justices of the forest, 

 hundred, of the labourers, &c.; and hence the ap- 

 pellation justice of the peace, that is, a judicial 

 magistrate intrusted with the conservation of the 

 peace. A great part of the civil officers are, in fact, 

 the conservators of the peace, as their duty is to 

 prevent or punish breaches of the peace. Thus the 

 judges, grand-jurymen, justices of the peace, mayors, 

 and aldermen of municipal corporations, sheriffs, coro- 

 ners, constables, watchmen, and all officers of the 

 police, are instituted for the purpose of preventing, 

 in different ways, crimes, and , disturbances of the 

 peace of the community, or for arresting, trying, and 

 punishing the violators of the laws and good order of 

 society. In Britain, the justice of the peace, though 

 not high in rank, is an officer of great importance, 

 as the first judicial proceedings are had before him 

 in regard to arresting persons accused of grave 

 offences; and his jurisdiction extends to trial and 

 adjudication for small offences. In case of the com- 

 mission of a crime or a breach of the peace, a com- 

 plaint is made to one of these magistrates. If he is 

 satisfied with the evidence of a commission of some 

 offence, the cognizance of which belongs to him, 

 either for the purpose of arresting, or for trying the 

 party accused, he issues a warrant directed to a con- 



stable, or other executive officer designated by th 

 law tor tins purpose, ordering the person complained 

 of to be brought before him, and he thereupon tries 

 the party, if the offence be within his jurisdiction, 

 and acquits him or awards punishment. If the offence 

 charged be of a graver character, the adjudication 

 upon which is not within the justice's jurisdiction, 

 the question then is, whether the party complained 

 of is to be imprisoned, or required to give bonds to 

 await his trial before the tribunal having jurisdiction, 

 or is to be discharged; and on these questions the 

 justice decides according to his view of the law and 

 the facts. In Britain, there are some officers, as the 

 master of the rolls, some municipal authorities, &c., 

 who are justices of the peace by prescription, in 

 virtue of their other ollice ; but, in general, the 

 appointment is by commission; and, in Britain, when 

 a new commission issues to justices in a certair 

 county, this supersedes former commissions for the 

 same county, of course. In America the office is 

 held only by special appointment, and the tenure is 

 different in different states, the office having been 

 held, in one slate at least, during good behaviour; 

 but the commission is more usually for seven years, 

 or some other specific limited period. In France, 

 justices of the peace are in many respects different 

 from those of Britain and America, though the 

 national convention, in its famous decree respecting 

 the new organization of the judicial system (August 

 24, 1790), which, in its principal features, still exists, 

 evidently contemplated a closer imitation of the Brit- 

 ish system. France, as it is well known, was then 

 divided into departments; these into districts (at a 

 later period called arrondissements), and these into 

 cantons, in order effectually to efface the ancient 

 division into provinces, lordships, &c. In each can- 

 ton was a justice of the peace, to be elected by the 

 citizens, with some assistants (prud 'homines}, for two 

 years, in lieu of the former feudal courts. His busi- 

 ness consisted in the decision of cases where property 

 was in dispute not above 100 livres in amount (up to 

 fifty livres without appeal) ; in the settlement of dis- 

 putes respecting possession and those relating to 

 verbal injuries; in making compromises and directing 

 guardianships. At a later period, the jurisdiction of 

 these officers was made to comprise the lower offences 

 against the police regulations. The justices of the 

 peace remained elective until the restoration, though 

 the consular constitution of the year VIII. (Decem- 

 ber, 1799) extended the term of the office to three 

 years ; and, in 1802, it was extended to ten years. 

 According to the Charte Constitutionelle of 1814, the 

 justices of the peace were appointed by the king for 

 life. The average number of persons within the 

 jurisdiction of a justice of the peace is 10,000. All 

 processes in any way complicated (above 100 francs, 

 all disputes respecting the genuineness of documents 

 inscriptions en faux) are to be brought before the 

 tribunaux de premiere instance, from which an appeal 

 lies to the cours d'appel. The salary of a French 

 justice of the peace is small ; his authority is not to 

 be compared with that of the justices in Britain, 

 yet the office is of great importance to the country. 

 See Biret's Recueil general et raisonne de la Juris- 

 prudence et des Attributions des Justices de Paix de 

 France (2 vols., Paris, 1819). Justices of the peace 

 were usually established by Napoleon where he 

 erected new governments. 



JUSTIN, surnamed the Martyr; one of the earliest 

 and most learned writers of the Christian church. 

 He was the son of Priscus, a Greek, and was born at 

 Flavia Neapolis, anciently called Sichem, a city of 

 Samaria, in Palestine, towards the close of the first 

 century. He was educated in the pagan religion, 

 and, after studying in Egypt, became a Platonist, 



