JUSTIN J UTLAND. 



291 



until, in the year 132, he was led, by the instructions 

 of a zealous and able Christian, to embrace the 

 religion of the gospel. He subsequently went to 

 Rome, in the beginning of the reign of Antoninus 

 Pius, and drew up his first apology for the Christians, 

 then under a severe persecution, in which he shows 

 the cruelty and injustice of the proceedings against 

 them. He was also equally zealous in opposing 

 alleged heretics, and particularly Marcion, against 

 whom he wrote, and published a book. He not long 

 after visited the East, and, at Ephesus, had a confer- 

 ence with Trypho, a learned Jew, to prove that Jesus 

 was the Messiah, an account of which conference he 

 gives in his Dialogue with Trypho. On his return to 

 Rome, he had frequent disputes with Crescens, a 

 Cynic philosopher, in consequence of whose calum- 

 nies, he published his second Apology, which seems 

 to have been presented to the emperor Marcus 

 Aurelius, in 162. Crescens preferred against him a 

 formal charge of impiety for neglecting the pagan 

 rites, and he was condemned to be scourged, and 

 then beheaded, which sentence was put into execu- 

 tion, in 164, in the seventy-fourth or seventy-fifth 

 year of his age. Justin Martyr is spoken of in high 

 terms of praise by the ancient Christian writers, and 

 was certainly a zealous and able advocate of Chris- 

 tianity, but mixed up too much of his early Platonism 

 with its doctrines. The best editions of his works are 

 those of Maran (Paris, 1742, folio), and of Oberthur 

 ^VVurtzburg, 1777, 3 vols., 8vo.) 



JUSTIN ; a Latin historian, who probably lived 

 at Rome, in the second or third century. He made 

 an epitome of the history of Trogus Pompeius, a 

 native of Gaul, who lived in the time of Augustus, 

 and whose works, in forty-four books, contain a 

 history of the world, from the earliest ages to his 

 own time. His history of Macedonia was particu- 

 larly complete. To judge from the epitome (for the 

 original is lost), there were many errors in the work, 

 especially in the Jewish history; but this epitome, 

 which corresponds to the original in its title and 

 arrangement, having compressed into a brief space 

 so much of the important matter of the old histories, 

 has obtained a considerable reputation, and even now 

 is often used in schools. The style is, on the whole, 

 elegant .and agreeable, but it is destitute of that 

 noble simplicity and classical correctness which 

 distinguish the work of a master. The best editions 

 are those of Grasvius (Variorum}, Hearne (Oxford, 

 1705), Fischer (Leipsic, 1757), and Wetzel (Leignitz, 

 1806). See Heeren, De Trogi P. Fontibus, in 

 Comm. Soc. Gott. xv. 



JUSTINIAN I., surnamed the Great, nephew of 

 Justin I., emperor of the East, celebrated as a law- 

 giver, was born in 483, of an obscure family. He 

 shared the fortunes of his uncle, who, from a common 

 Thracian peasant, was raised to the imperial throne. 

 While consul (521), he exhibited splendid games to 

 the people. He likewise nattered the senate, and 

 sought their favour ; in consequence of which that 

 body conferred on him the title of nobilissimus. His 

 uncle, infirm from age, and suffering from a wound, 

 admitted him to a share of his power. Yet' it was 

 not till after his death, about August 1, 527, that 

 Justinian was proclaimed emperor. He now married 

 Theodora, whom he raised from the condition of an 

 actress and a public prostitute to the throne of the 

 Caesars. She acquired an absolute mastery over her 

 husband. Under his reign, the parties of the circus 

 contended with great animosity, and, under the 

 names of the Greens and the Blues, occasioned 

 many bloody scenes in Constantinople. The violent 

 means which Justinian used to quell the tumult only 

 served to increase it, and a conflagration, which 1 

 broke out in consequence laid the greatest part of ' 



Constantinople, and his own most beautiful buildings, 

 in ashes. Justinian's own life was in peril. After the 

 turbulence of these parties was extinguished by 

 streams of blood, and a multitude of executions, 

 Justinian finished the war with the Isaurians, and his 

 general, Belisarius, in 523 and 529, obtained three 

 glorious victories over the Persians. This great 

 general destroyed, in 534, the empire of the Vandals 

 in Africa, and carried Gelimer, their king, a prisoner 

 to Constantinople. Spain and Sicily were recon- 

 quered, and the Ostrogoths, who possessed Italy, 

 were vanquished. In 536, Belisarius made his entry 

 into Rome, and the eunuch Narses, another of 

 Justinian's generals, in 553, put an end to the 

 dominion of the Ostrogoths in Italy. These suc- 

 cesses restored to the Roman empire a part of its 

 former vast possessions. Justinian now turned his 

 attention to the laws. He commissioned ten learned 

 civilians to form a new code from his own laws and 

 those of his predecessors. To this code Justinian 

 added the Pandects, the Institutes and Novels. 

 These compilations have since been called, collec- 

 tively, the body of civil law (corpus juris civilis). 

 (See Corpus Juris, and Tribonianus.) Justinian was 

 also intent upon building new cities, and upon forti- 

 fying others, and adorning them with new edifices ; 

 but he was particularly desirous of establishing peace 

 in religious matters. Amongst other churches, he 

 rebuilt that of St Sophia at Constantinople, which 

 had been burnt in the quarrel of the Greens and 

 Blues. It is esteemed a masterpiece of architecture. 

 Tile altar in it was made entirely of gold and silver, 

 and adorned with a vast number and variety of 

 precious stones. This church, a part of which is now 

 standing, and is used by the Turks as a mosque, was 

 so magnificent, that Justinian, when, on the day of 

 its dedication, he beheld it for the first time, in its full 

 splendour, cried out for joy, " To God alone be the 

 glory ! I have outdone thee, Solomon !" But it 

 was his unhappy fortune, as it was that of the Jewish 

 king, to outlive himself. Towards the end of his 

 life, he became avaricious, without losing his love ot 

 splendour, suspicious, and cruel. He oppressed the 

 people with taxes, and lent a willing ear to every 

 accusation. (For his treatment of Belisarius, see 

 Belisarius.) He suffered his own servants to commit 

 the most flagrant crimes unpunished. He died in 

 565, in the eighty-third year of his age, after a reign 

 of thirty-eight years. His love of the monks, of 

 saints, and of theological questions, did not protect 

 him from the censure of the divines, who esteemed 

 him a heretic. Much that was great and glorious 

 was accomplished during his reign, but he had little 

 share in it. 



JUSTITIA (justice}; called, by the Greeks, 

 Astraea. Themis, Dike. With the Romans, the 

 goddess was an abstract rather than a personal 

 deity. She is frequently represented upon coins as 

 a maiden, with a fillet or a diadem ; sometimes with 

 a sword and scales ; sometimes with a cup in one 

 hand and a sceptre in the other. 



JUTLAND ; a province in Denmark, bounded 

 on all sides by the sea, except towards the south, 

 where it is bounded by Sleswick. It is about 180 

 miles in length, and from seventy to ninety in 

 breadth, and, of all the territories belonging to Den- 

 mark Proper, is the largest, and yields the greatest 

 revenue. Square miles, 9500 ; population, 440,000, 

 It is divided into four bishoprics Aalborg, Wiborg, 

 Aarhuus and Ripen. The country is indented by 

 bays and inlets, but has few rivers, and none large. 

 The north coast is an immense range of sand-banks, 

 dangerous to navigation. The country is generally 

 low, having no mountains. On the east coast there 

 are extensive forests of oak, fir, birch, &c. ; on the 



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