JUVENAL K. 



west are hardly any species of trees but aider ;uul 

 willow. The kind of grain most, cultivated is rye. 

 treat quantities of which are exported to Norway. 

 The pastures are extensive and rich ; horses and 

 cattle numerous. Iron, marble and limestone are 

 found ; also excellent turf. Most of the inhabitants 

 speak Danish; the gentry also German. The 

 religion is Lutheran. Agriculture and education 

 are in rather a backward state. See Denmark. 



The Peninsula of Jutland, anciently called Cim- 

 brica, or Chersonesu* Cimbrica, includes both the 

 province of Jutland and the duchy of Sleswick in the 

 south. 



JUVENAL. DKCIMUS JONIOS JOVENALIS, a native 

 of Aquinum, in the Volscian territory, flourished at 

 Home in the latter half of the first century. He 

 studied rhetoric for his amusement, but afterwards 

 devoted himself -to poetry, especially satire. Having 

 severely lashed the favourite pantomime Paris in his 

 seventh satire, he was appointed by Domitian, under 

 pretence of honour, prefect of a cohort (prcefectus 

 cohortis) in the most distant part of Egypt. Under 

 Trajan, he returned to Home, in the eighty-second 

 year of his age. He was one of the most powerful 

 and caustic of the Roman satirists. He wrote 

 sixteen satires (the genuineness of the last, however, 

 is doubtful), in which he chastises the follies and 

 vices of his times. His style is not so elegant, nor 

 his disposition so mild and humorous, as that of 

 Horace, nor yet so gloomy and stern as tliat of 

 Persius, and he often betrays the rhetorician. The 

 best editions are those of Henniniu? (Utrecht, 1 685, 

 4to.; Leyden, 1695, 4to.), and the latest by Ruperti 

 (Leipsic, 1801, 2 vols.) Gilford's translation, with a 

 preface and notes, is very valuable. Johnson's 

 imitations of the third and tenth satires are deservedly 

 celebrated. 



JUVENCUS, CAIUS VETTIUS AQUILINQS ; presby- 

 ter in Spain ; a Latin poet who flourished about 325 

 A. D., in Spain. He translated the history of Christ, 

 chiefly after Matthew, in hexameters (Histories 

 evangelicee , Lib. iv.). A. R. Gebser published a 

 critical edition of Juvencus in Jena (1827, 2 volumes), 

 which makes, at the same time, the beginning of a 

 Bibliittheca Latino. Poetarum veterum Christianorum. 

 In this edition an enumeration of all other editions is 

 to be found. Juvencus also turned the book of 



C fin-is into hexameters (in Miirtini's Nova Collect. 

 n't. Mnitinii'iit. vol. iv., p. 15, seq.). 



JUVENTA (Juventaa with the Romans) ; the 

 goddess of youth, but not to be confounded wilt. 

 Hebe ; for she had not an individual, but only an 

 abstract existence. She had a chapel near the 

 capitol, and a festival established in honour of her 

 was celebrated by the youth. She is represented 

 upon coins holding a censer in her left hand, and 

 with her right strewing incense upon a tripod, because 

 the youth, when they came to consecrate the first 

 growth of their beards, brought an ottering of incense. 



JUXON, WILLIAM, bishop of London, and subse- 

 quently archbishop of Canterbury, a prelate of dis- 

 tinguished mildness, learning, and piety, was born in 

 the city of Chichester in 1582, and educated at 

 Oxford. The law appears to have been his original 

 destination. The friendship he contracted with his 

 fellow collegian Laud, might have induced him to 

 take orders. In 1621, he was made president of St. 

 John's college, Oxford, and, by the continued patron- 

 age of his friend, dr-an of Worcester (1627), clerk to 

 the royal closet (1632), bishop of Hereford (1633), 

 and that of London before the expiration of the same 

 year. In 1635, he was appointed lord high treasurer 

 of England. The nomination of a churchman to this 

 dignified and responsible situation excited a strong 

 sensation among the puritanical party, who made it 

 the ground of severe invective against the govern- 

 ment and primate ; but, on his resignation of the 

 office, the integrity and ability with which he had 

 discharged its various duties, were admitted on all 

 hands. During the whole progress of the unhappy 

 contest which followed, he maintained an unshaken 

 fidelity to the king, whom he attended during his 

 imprisonment in the Isle of Wight, and on the 

 scaffold, on which occasion he received from the 

 hand of Charles, the moment previous to his execu- 

 tion, his diamond George, with directions to forward 

 it to his son. After the king's death, the parliament 

 threw him into confinement for contumacy in refusing 

 to disclose the particulars of his conversation witli 

 the king ; but he was soon released, and continued 

 to live in privacy until the restoration. He \vas 

 then called again into public life, and was raised to 

 the primacy. He survived his elevation little more 

 than two years, dying June 4, 1663. 



K 



K ;* the eleventh letter of the English alphabet, 

 representing a close articulation, produced by pres- 

 sing the root of the tongue against the upper part of 

 the mouth, with a depression of the lower jaw, and 

 opening of the teeth, and differs, in most ancient and 

 modern languages, from g hard only by a stronger 

 pressure of the tongue, and a stronger expiration. 

 (See G.) K, by the Greeks called kappa, is probably 

 of later origin than G, as its most ancient form on 

 monuments seems to be a contraction of gamma, i. e. 

 in its first straight and its second bent form (I C). 

 On the ancient coins of Crotona, Corinth, Syracuse, 

 we find this sign, 9, from which the Roman Q 

 originated. Both signs, according to Payne Knight, 

 originated from the union of the double-bent gamma. 



Where the reader may fail to find articles under 1C, he 

 i referred to C. 



In Latin, the fc was superfluous, its place being 

 supplied by e. The Greek K was not adopted by the 

 Latins before the time of Sallust, and was only used 

 in words which began with ca, as kaput, kalmnniu, 

 kalumniator : hence a K was branded on the fore- 

 head of calumniators. As an abbreviation, in Latin, 

 it signifies Keeso (a name), and several other words, 

 kalendce, &c. The Greek K stands, on coins, for 

 Ka.i<rag, Cassar, KXauJ/af, Claudius, Kaffjravia, Cam- 

 pania, &c. It often also signifies Carthage. As an 

 abbreviation, it often stands for /, and xoivov, com- . 

 mon, **Aav(, colony, xj, virgin, &c. The. Greek K 

 signifies twenty, and, with a perpendicular stroke 

 under it, K, = 20,000. K, in Latin, is equal to 250; 

 with a horizontal dash over it, K, = 250,000. In 

 Hebrew, it answers to kaph or koph. The Italians, 

 Spaniards, and Portuguese, have banished the letter 

 entirely from their alphabet. The French use it 



