302 



KEEP KELLER. 



merit or decorum there might formerly be in thr.se 

 viH-;il olisequies of the Irish, they have, iit present, 

 little to Ixxist, either of melody, iiarmony, or dignity. 

 The keeners now generally consist of a motley multi- 

 t ui it- of mm, women, and children, anil the caoinanis 

 degenerated into a wild anil hideous howl 



KEEP, in ancient military history; a kind of 

 strong tower, which was built in the centre of a castle 

 or fort, to which the besieged retreated, and made 

 their last efforts of defence. It is also called the 

 donjon, or duitgeon. 



To keep ; a term used, on several occasions, in 

 navigation ; as, to keep the land aboard, is to keep 

 within sight of land as much as possible. To keep 

 tin- tuff", or the wind ; to conliinie close to the wind 

 i e. sailing with a course inclined to the direction of 

 the wind as much as possible To keep off; to sail 

 at a distance from the shore or a ship, &c. 



KEEPER OF THE GREAT SEAL (see Chan- 

 cellor, Lord High, of England; for the office and 

 privileges of the French keeper of the seals (garde 

 des sceauA'), before the French revolution of the last 

 century, (see Chancellor). The garde des sceattx, or 

 keeper of the seals, in France, is at present always 

 minister of justice. On the continent of Europe, the 

 department of justice is directed in the same way as 

 the finances, &c., at the head of which stands a chef, 

 or minister. 



KEEPER OF THE PRIVY SEAL, in England, 

 is a lord by virtue of his office, through whose hands 

 pass all cliarters signed by the king, before they 

 come to the great seal. 



KEEPER OF THE KING'S CONSCIENCE. 

 See Chancellor. 



KEEPER, BOAT, one of the boat's crew who remains 

 as a sentinel, in his turn, to take care of the boat and 

 her contents when she is ashore, or alongside of a 

 ship, or is towed astern of her. 



KEEPING, in painting, is a technical term, which 

 signifies the peculiar management of colouring and 

 chiaro oscuro, so as to produce a proper degree of 

 relievo in different objects, according to their relative 

 position and importance. This may be effected either 

 by shade or colour, either by throwing a shadow 

 across the inferior objects, or by tinting them with a 

 colour less bright than that given to others, and, in 

 very skilful hands, it may even be done by the 

 directly reverse practice. As the objects recede in 

 the ground plane, the hue of the atmosphere, inter- 

 mixing with their proper or local colour, as it is 

 termed, will assist in their keeping. On keeping, 

 relievo entirely depends ; for, if the lights, shadows, 

 and half tints be not kept in their exact relative 

 proportions of depths, no rotundity can be effected, 

 and, without due opposition of light, shade, and 

 colours, no apparent separation of objects can take 

 place. The celebrated Raphael has, in two instances, 

 totally failed of proper keeping in the Transfigura- 

 tion, and the miraculous Draught of Fishes. The 

 word keeping is also sometimes used of works in 

 other branches of the fine arts, as of a drama, to 

 denote the just proportion and relation of the various 

 parts. 



KEHL ; a village in the grand duchy of Baden, 

 formerly a fortress of the German empire, situated at 

 the influx of the Kinzig into the Rhine, over which 

 there is a bridge to Strasburg, about two miles 

 distant. The fortress was built by the French, 

 towards the end of the seventeenth century, and was 

 intended to aid Louis XIV. 's plans of conquest on 

 the right bank of the Rhine. By the peace of 

 Ryswick, in 1697, Kehl was ceded to the margrave 

 of Baden-Baden, the empire retaining the right to 

 garrison it. In the middle of the last century, the 

 fortifications were demolished, and Kehl became the 



seat of manufactures. Here I>caumarchais estab- 

 lished his priming press, from which proceeded his 

 edition of Voltaire and other magnificent editions. 

 During the revolutionary war, the fortifications were 

 rebuilt. Kehl has sustained several sieges (the 

 si vi rest in 1796), has been alternately in French and 

 German hands, and has been three times burnt down. 

 In 1808, it was included in the department of the 

 Lower Rhine: in 1814, it was restored to Baden. In 

 1815, the works were again demolished. It has 

 about a thousand inhabitants. 



Kl.lSER, one of the earliest German opera com- 

 posers, born ut Leipsic, in 1073, died 1739. He left 

 118 operas, besides much church -music, full of 

 originality, and distinguished by a noble and pure 

 style. Being, besides, self-formed, he deserves to be 

 ranked among the first composers. 



KEITH, JAMES; a brave and experienced warrior, 

 as well as an able and successful politician, field- 

 marshal of Prussia, and the confidential friend of its 

 sovereign. He was descended of a noble house in 

 Scotland, being the youngest son of William Keith, 

 earl-marshal of that kingdom, and was born in 1696. 

 The breaking out of the rebellion, in 1715, developed 

 his military propensities, and gave the future colour 

 to his fate. His mother, warmly attached to the 

 house of Stuart, added her persuasions to the dictates 

 of his own inclination, and, at the age of nineteen, 

 he joined the Pretender's standard. The issue of 

 the battle of Sheriflmuir, so unfortunate to the cause 

 he had embraced, drove him into voluntary exile ; 

 he escaped from the conflict wounded and with 

 difficulty, and effected a retreat to France. Here he 

 applied himself with great diligence to the study of 

 mathematics and military tactics, having previously 

 made considerable progress in classical and general 

 literature, under the auspices of the celebrated 

 Ruddiman. In 1717, he quitted Paris for Italy, 

 whence he proceeded to Spain, in the capital of 

 which kingdom he was fortunate enough to obtain 

 the friendship of the duke of Liria, who procured 

 him a command in Ormond's Irish brigade. He 

 subsequently accompanied his patron, when appointed 

 ambassador to Russia, where, through the duke's 

 recommendation, he obtained the rank of lieutenant- 

 general from the czarina, who also conferred on him 

 the order of the black eagle. In the Russian service, 

 he continued several years, distinguishing himself as 

 well in the field as in the cabinet, during the wars 

 with Turkey and Sweden. In the revolution, which 

 ended by the elevation of the czarina Elizabeth to 

 the throne, he also took a prominent part ; but, at 

 length, on some disgust, he obtained his dismissal. 

 On leaving Russia, he went to Berlin, where the 

 king of Prussia, to whom his abilities were well 

 known, received him with open arms, and raised 

 him to the post of governor of his metropolis, and 

 field-marshal of his forces. He made him also his 

 confidential companion, selecting him as his associate 

 in a tour which he made incognito through part of 

 the north of Europe. In the subsequent wars of that 

 martial monarch, field-marshal Keith continued to 

 display the greatest military talents as well as zeal 

 in his service, till his career was finally closed by a 

 cannon-shot, in the unfortunate battle of Hoch- 

 kirchen, October 14, 1758. 



KELLER, JOHN BALTHASAR, was born at Zurich, 

 and studied the art of casting in metal, during the 

 most flourishing time of Louis XIV. Keller soon 

 distinguished himself by the boldness with which he 

 undertook to cast the most important works. To- 

 wards the end of the seventeenth century, Girardou 

 made the model of an equestrian statue of the king, 

 twenty-one feet high. The statues of Marcus 

 Aurelius, Cosreo de' Medici, Henry IV. and Louis 



