KELLERMANN KELSO. 



303 



XIII. Juiil beon cnst in several pieces; but Keller 

 umlerlook to cast the statue of the king in one 

 piece. The work \v;is successful, ;mil did as much 

 honour to Keller as to Girardon. The king rewarded 

 him, and gave him the direction of the foundery of 

 the arsenal. He died in 1702. His brother, John 

 James Keller, born' lt>35, was likewise a skilful 

 founder. He died at Colmar, in 1700. 



KELLERMANN, duke of Valmy, marshal and peer 

 of France, born at Strasburg in 1735, entered the 

 Confkms legion as a hussar, in 175^, and performed 

 in it the lirsc campaigns of the seven years' war. He 

 went through all the degrees of service, up to the 

 rank of marechal tie camp. At the breaking out of 

 the revolution, he so distinguished himself by patri- 

 otism and judgment, that the citizens of Landau, in 

 the garrison of which he was stationed, presented 

 him with a civic crown. At the commencement of 

 the war, he received the command of the army of 

 the Moselle, formed a junction, in September, with 

 the main army under Dumouriez, and sustained, 

 September 20, 1792, the celebrated attack of the 

 duke of Brunswick. This cannonade of Valmy, as it 

 is called, caused the allies to retreat, and perhaps 

 decided, not merely the whole campaign, but also 

 the fate of Europe, and the supremacy of France, till 

 1813. In the following wars of France, Kellermann 

 received various general commands. Napoleon 

 loaded him with honours, and gave him Johannis- 

 berg. After the restoration of the Bourbons, lie was 

 appointed a member of the chamber of peers, where 

 he espoused the liberal side. He died September 

 12, 1820, eighty-five years of age. In his last will, 

 he had ordered that his heart should be buried on the 

 field of Valmy. 



KELLGREN, HENRY, a Swedish poet and savant, 

 was born in 1751, in Schonen, and studied at the 

 university of Abo. Gustavus III. protected him 

 against the assaults of envy in Stockholm, and put him 

 beyond the reach of want. He was one of the first 

 members of the academy of sciences, established by 

 the same monarch, at Stockholm. Kellgren's assi- 

 duous study was too much for his weak frame. He 

 died in the Swedish capital, in 1795. On his tomb- 

 stone are the words Poetce, philosopho, civi, amico 

 lugentes amid. He is considered as a poet of a very 

 rich imagination. His complete works appeared 

 after his death at Stockholm. As editor of the liter- 

 ary part of the Stockholm Journal, he laboured much 

 to improve the taste of his countrymen, and his criti- 

 cisms made him many enemies. 



KELP, in commerce; the ashes of sea- weeds or 

 fuel. See Fucus. F. serratus and F. vesiculosus, 

 bie species used in the manufacture of this article, 

 TO w attached to rocks between high and low water 

 mark, and are often termed rock-weed. On the 

 Scottish-coast, the sea-weed is cut close to the rocks, 

 during the summer season, and afterwards spread 

 out upon the shore to dry, care being taken to turn 

 I occasionally, to prevent fermentation. It is then 

 stacked for a few weeks, and sheltered from the rain, 

 till it becomes covered with a white saline, efflores- 

 cence, and is now ready for burning. This is usually 

 accomplished in a round pit, lined with brick or 

 stone; but the more approved form for a kiln is 

 oblong, about two feet wide, eight to eighteen long, 

 and from two to three deep; the bottom of this is 

 covered with brush, upon which a little dried sea- 

 weed is scattered, and fire is applied at one extre- 

 mity; the sea- weed is now thrown on gradually, as 

 fast as the combustion reaches the surface, and, should 

 there be much wind, it is necessary to protect it by 

 covering the sides with sods; after the whole is burnt, 

 the mass gradually softens, beginning at the sides, 

 when it should be slowly stirred up with a heated iron 



bar, and incorporated, till it acquires a semi-fluid 

 consistence. This part of the process requires con- 

 siderable dexterity ; ant), if the mass continues dry, 

 a little common salt should be thrown on, which acts 

 as a flux. When cold, it is broken up, and is now 

 ready for sale. 



During the war, and for some time after, when bar- 

 illa and salt were highly taxed.kelp was manufactured 

 to a large extent in Ireland and Scotland, but more 

 particularly in the Hebrides, where it was a source 

 of support to many of the poorer inhabitants. In 

 Scotland and its isles alone, the total quantity annu- 

 ally made amounted to about 20,000 tons annually, 

 the average price of which was 10 9s. 7d. per 

 ton. But with the reduction of the duties on barilla 

 and salt, this trade was totally ruined, and shores 

 that formerly yielded the proprietors a rent of from 

 .200 to .500, are now worth nothing. It was the 

 repeal of the duty on salt that mainly put a stop to 

 the kelp manufacture. The purification of kelp for 

 soap-making is more troublesome and expensive than 

 the decomposition of salt, and the greater quantity of 

 alkali used is now obtained by the latter method. 

 Even with the reduction of the duty on barilla, kelp 

 might still have been manufactured, though with less 

 profit, but for the repeal of the duty on salt. 



One of the products of kelp, we have not yet 

 adverted to, is iodine, (q. v.) The uses of soda are, 

 in general, the same with those of potash, but there 

 are certain branches of manufactures to which it is 

 indispensable, as to the making of plate and crown- 

 glass, and all hard soaps. Both alkalies are con- 

 sumed in immense quantities by soap-boilers, bleach- 

 ers, and glass-makers; but it is said that in France 

 the use of potash has very much diminished since the 

 culture of barilla has been introduced. The barilla 

 obtained in France from the salicornia annua yields 

 fourteen or fifteen per cent, of soda; and that from 

 salsola tragus, S. kali, statice limonitim, atriplex 

 portulaccoides, fy-c., yields only from three to eight 

 per cent. The Spanish barilla is the most esteemed, 

 particularly that from Alicant, and is obtained from 

 the salsola sativa, which is carefully cultivated in 

 light, low soils, embanked on the side next the sea, 

 and furnished with flood-gates, through which the 

 salt water is occasionally admitted. So anxious are 

 the Spaniards to monopolise this trade, that the 

 exportation of the seed is prohibited under pain of 

 death. (See Barilla.) Carbonate of soda is also 

 found abundantly in a mineral state in many coun- 

 tries, as in Hungary, the southern parts of Siberia, 

 Persia, China, North Africa, and the environs of 

 Smyrna; but the native salt has not hitherto become 

 important as an article of commerce. 



KELSO, a town of Scotland, in Roxburghshire, situ- 

 ated on the north bank of the Tweed, forty-two miles 

 S. E. of Edinburgh. It was anciently called Calc- 

 How and Calco, from the calcarious hill still conspi- 

 cuous in the town, and termed the Chalk Heiigh, 

 owed much of its ancient importance to the stately 

 abbey, founded in 1128, to the honour of the virgin 

 Mary and St John, by the earl of Northumberland, 

 afterwards David I., for a mitred abbot and monks of 

 the order of Tyronenses, whom he first settled at Sel- 

 kirk, then at Roxburgh, and finally fixed here, grant- 

 ing them many valuable privileges, with an endow- 

 ment so liberal, that at the suppression it is stated to 

 have been worth 2000 Scotch per annum. A con- 

 siderable portion of this once-extensive and sump- 

 tuous edifice remains, exhibiting a most interesting 

 specimen of the Norman style, and that fine taste in 

 sacred architecture by which it is distinguished. The 

 town was thrice destroyed by fire during the border 

 warfare, was burned down by accident in 1686, and 

 a like casualty caused its almost entire destruction 



