310 



KHALIF KIEN-LONG. 



of Ihe Unite. I Slates, and a collector of the customs. 

 The name Key /l'r-( i> --lid to lx> derived from cayo 

 hum (bone Met), a name given to the isl.uul by the 

 Spaniards, on account of its shape. 

 KH.M.IT. > Caliph. 



KHAN ; the Turkish name for caravansary (q. v.). 

 We will only add, to wliat was said under that article, 

 that the caravansaries in towns are of two kinds, 

 those for travellers and pilgrims, where a lodging is 

 furnished gratis, and those for traders, which are 

 u-ually handsomer and more convenient, and have 

 doors to the apartments, which are well secured, but 

 a small charge is made for each chamber, usually not 

 more than a half-penny or a penny per day. There 

 is also a droit of entry, which is more considerable, 

 and a duty on whatever is sold in the caravansary. 

 These establishments belong either to government, or 

 to private individuals, and each is appropriated to 

 some particular country, or to the dealers in some 

 particular kind of merchandise. 



Khan is also the name of an officer in Persia, ans- 

 wering to Governor in Europe. There are khans of 

 countries, provinces, and cities, who have different 

 additions to distinguish them. In the north of Asia, 

 this title expresses the full regal dignity. 



KHOH ; a Persian word for bald. It has been 

 suggested that the name Caucasus may be from khoh 

 kasp (bald mountain), having the summit without 

 vegetation. This metaphor is very frequent in geo- 

 graphical names. Chaumont, in France, Kohlenberg, 

 in Germany, signify the same. 



Kl ACHTA ; a town of Siberia, in the government 

 of Irkoutsk (q. v.) on the river Kiachta, which forms 

 the boundary between China and Russia, situated 

 in a barren country, destitute of water and wood. 

 Population 4000, in 450 houses. Kiachta and the 

 Chinese town of Maimatchin, situated opposite, on 

 the other bank of the river, are the medium of the 

 Russian over-land trade with China, as settled by the 

 treaty of 1727. The duty on the trade yields an 

 annual income of 7,000,000 roubles to Russia. The 

 whole amount of import and export is estimated at 

 about 30,000,000 of roubles annually. 3,000,000 

 pounds of tea are imported. Kiachta is 1532 versts 

 from Pekin, and 6512 from St Petersburg. A com- 

 mercial outfit and return between Kiachta and St 

 Petersburg, requires generally two years. The 

 Chinese government often interrupts the commerce, 

 when it thinks it has any cause of complaint against 

 Russia. China lays a duty of five per cent, on all 

 exports and imports. 



KIANG ; a Chinese word signifying river ; e. g. 

 Kiang-yuen (country of river-;). 

 KIANGKU. See Yangtze. 



KIDDERMINSTER ; a market town of England, 

 on the Staffordshire and Worcestershire canal, which 

 was finished in 1774, and passes within 100 yards 

 of the market-place. Kidderminster has long been 

 noted for its manufactures. That of broadcloth pre- 

 vailed in the reign of Henry the VIII. But the 

 carpet manufacture is that which has taken the firmest 

 root here, has flourished best, and promoted most 

 essentially the trade, wealth, and population of the 

 town. Population in 1841, 20,753 



KIDNAPPING is the forcible and wrongful seiz- 

 ing upon any person, with intent to carry him away 

 out of the country or jurisdiction within which he is 

 w-ized, or to confine him, or sell him into slavery. 

 This is a heinous offence, and was punished by fine, 

 imprisonment, and pillory, by the common law. The 

 statute of u and 12 William III., c. 7, provides a 

 punishment by imprisonment for three months, in 

 M*e the captain of a merchant vessel shall, while 

 abroad, fore*: any person on shore, and wilfully leave 

 bun Ix-hind, or one shall refuse to bring home any 



whom he may have carried out, when the person 

 shall be able and desirous to return. 



Kll)NE\ ; one of the abdominal viscera, consist- 

 ing of two voluminous glands, the office of which is 

 to secrete the urine from the blood. One of these 

 glands lies on the right, and the other on the left, of 

 the vertebral column (or back bone). They are both 

 contained in a fatty, cellular substance (suet), and are 

 situated behind the peritonaeum, and before the 

 diaphragm and the yuadratus lumborum. They are 

 penetrated with blood-vessels and nerves, are of a 

 reddish colour, and more consistent than the other 

 glands. An external cellular membrane, and an 

 internal fibrous membrane, envelope each kidney, 

 which is divided into the cortical substance and the 

 tubulous substance. The former constitutes the 

 exterior part of the kidney, and extends between the 

 cones formed by the latter. It secretes the urine, 

 that is, separates its elements from the blood, and 

 combines them, while the latter pours it into the 

 pelvis, a membranous bag situated at the middle of 

 the kidney, from which it is conveyed by the ureter, 

 a membranous tube, into the bladder. From the 

 bladder, the urine is evacuated by the urethra, a mem- 

 branous canal passing through the penis. The 

 kidneys are not mere filters or sieves, as was anciently 

 supposed, and as some modern physiologists have 

 maintained ; they are true glands, that is, a vascular 

 nervous apparatus, having a particular action for the 

 production of a peculiar fluid. The kidneys are subject 

 ;o an inflammation, called nephritis, and to a nervous 

 pain, called nephralgia. The kidney sometimes 

 contains stones, gravel, or sand in the pelvis, and also 

 in the cortical and tubulous substances (see calculus), 

 which occasion the most excruciating pain. Diseases 

 of the kidneys are generally occasioned by excess in 

 eating and drinking, particularly in subjects addicted 

 to venery, or accustomed to violent riding, or mucb 

 walking. Temperance, vegetable diet, warm bath- 

 ing, abstaining from equitation, &c., are preventives. 

 KIDNEY BEANS. See French Beans. 

 KIEL ; a city and fine harbour on a bay of the 

 Baltic, in the Danish duchy of Holstein, until 1773 

 the chief place of the Gottorp (or Imperial Russian) 

 part of Holstein. It contains 7000 inhabitants, and 

 800 houses. Lat. 54 19' 43" N.; Ion. 10 18' 20" 

 E. Its university was established in 1665, by 

 Christian Albert, duke of Holstein ; hence its name, 

 Christiana Albertina. It has, at present, over 250 

 students, a library of 100,000 volumes, an observa- 

 tory, and a museum of natural history. There are, 

 also, a seminary for teachers, and other excellent 

 institutions. The environs of Kiel are picturesque. 

 The inhabitants are engaged in commerce. The 

 peace of Kiel, between Denmark and Sweden, and 

 between Denmark and Great Britain, Jan. 14, 1814, 

 was connected with the treaties of Hanover, Feb. 8, 

 1814, between Denmark and Russia, and that of 

 Berlin, Aug. 25, 1814, between Denmark and Prussia. 

 Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden, and received in 

 return Swedish Pomerania, with the promise of 

 600,000 Swedish dollars. Great Britain gave back 

 all the Danish colonies, but retained the fleet and 

 Heligoland. Denmark contracted to send 10,000 

 men against Napoleon, for which Britain paid 

 .33,333 per month subsidies. Prussia ceded Saxe- 

 Lauenburg to Denmark, and undertook to pay the 

 600,000 Swedish dollars already promised by Sweden, 

 and 2,000,000 more of Prussian dollars, at certain 

 periods, besides 3,500,000 of Prussian dollars to 

 Sweden ; in return for which she received Swedish 

 Pomerania with Rugen. See Sclioll's Hist, des Traites 

 de Paix, x, 219, seq. ; xiv, 215, seq. ; and xi, 144, 

 seq. 



KIEN-LONG emperor of China, distinguished for 



