KINGSTON KIPPIS. 



315 



fashion. The boxes will accommodate about 900 

 persons, the pit 800, and the gallery 800. The opera 

 usually opens for the season in January, and con- 

 tinues its performance, on Tuesdays and Saturdays, 

 till August. 



KINGSTON; a seaport on the south coast of 

 Jamaica, constituted a city in 1802, situated on a bay 

 or inlet of the sea, in which there is safe anchorage. It 

 was founded in 1693, after the destruction of Port 

 Royal by an earthquake in the preceding year. It 

 lias been of late greatly extended, and has many 

 handsome houses. It has two churches, one Episco- 

 pal, the other Presbyterian. There is, besides, a 

 theatre, a free-school, established in 1729, a poor- 

 house, and a public hospital. Population whites, 

 10,000 ; people of colour, 2,500 ; free negroes, 

 2,500; slaves, 17,000; total, 33,000. Ten mrles 

 east of Spanish Town. X,on. 76 33' W. : lat. 

 18 N. 



KINGSTON, ELIZABETH, duchess of, was born in 

 1720, and was the daughter of colonel Chudleigh, 

 governor of Chelsea college, who, dying while she 

 was young, left her almost unprovided for. She 

 resided with her mother, who, through the interest of 

 Pulteney, afterwards earl of Bath, procured her the 

 post of maid of honour to the princess of Wales, the 

 mother of George III. Her wit and beauty procured 

 her many admirers, and, in spite of the levity of her 

 manners, a serious offer of marriage from the duke of 

 Hamilton. But while that nobleman was on the 

 continent, Mrs Ilanmer, the aunt of Miss Chudleigh, 

 with whom she was on a visit, persuaded her niece to 

 marry privately captain Hervey, a naval officer, 

 afterwards earl of Bristol. She soon conceived a 

 violent dislike of her husband, heightened by the dis- 

 covery that she had been deceived into an opinion 

 that the duke of Hamilton had forgotten her. Her 

 marriage, which took place August 4, 1744, was kept 

 a secret ; and her refusal of advantageous proposals 

 of marriage which she subsequently received, offended 

 her mother, and subjected her to reproaches, which 

 induced her to go abroad. She went in company 

 with a major in the army, with whom she proceeded 

 to Berlin, where they parted. She is said to have 

 been well received by the king of Prussia, and also 

 at the court of Dresden ; and, 'on her return to Eng- 

 land (as Miss Chudleigh), she resumed her situation 

 as maid of honour. Desirous of breaking off her 

 union with captain Hervey, she adopted the infam- 

 ous expedient of tearing the leaf out of the parish 

 register, in which her marriage was entered ; but, 

 repenting of this step inconsequence of her husband's 

 succeeding to the peerage, she contrived to have the 

 leaf replaced. Not long after, the duke of Kingston 

 made her a matrimonial offer, on which she endeavour- 

 ed to procure a divorce from lord Bristol. He at first 

 opposed her scheme ; but at length he assented to it, 

 and she obtained the wished-for separation. March 8, 

 1769, she was openly married to Evelyn Pierrepont, 

 duke of Kingston, on whose death, in 1773, she found 

 herself left mistress of a splendid fortune under the 

 condition of her not again becoming a wife. But she 

 did not enjoy her riches undisturbed. The heirs of 

 the duke commenced a suit against her for bigamy, 

 as having been divorced by an incompetent tribunal. 

 She was tried before the house of lords, and was 

 found guilty ; but, on her pleading the privilege of 

 peerage, the usual punishment of burning in the hand 

 was remitted, and she was discharged on paying the 

 fees of office. Her property had been so secured that 

 it was not affected by this process. The remainder 

 of her life was spent abroad, and she died at her 

 seat near Fontainebleaii. in France, August 28, 

 1788 



KINSBEIIGEN, JOHN HENRY VAN, a Dutch 



admiral, born May 1, 1735, at Doesborg in Guelder- 

 land, died 1820, 'eighty-four years old. Fiom his 

 ninth year, he served in the army, and from the age 

 of fourteen in the nary, in which he made his way 

 with uncommon rapidity, from the rank of a cadet to 

 that of a vice-admiral. With the permission of the 

 Dutch government, he entered the Russian service 

 in 1767, at the commencement of the war against the 

 Turks. Kinsbergen enjoyed the unlimited confidence 

 of Catharine II., of which he proved himself worthy, 

 by his brilliant success in an engagement on the 

 Black sea, when, with five ships of forty guns, and 

 some smaller men of war, he captured the whole 

 Turkish fleet of thirteen ships of the line. In this 

 battle, several celebrated naval movements were first 

 attempted by him, which have since been generally 

 adopted. His memorial to Catharine, On the Free 

 Navigation of the Black Sea, recommended his poli- 

 tical talents to the notice of the empress, who loaded 

 him with marks of esteem. Kinsbergen returned to 

 his country in 1776, and was employed to negotiate 

 a treaty with the emperor of Morocco, in which he 

 was successful. On the famous day of the Dogger- 

 bank (August 5, 1781), so honourable to the Dutch 

 marine, Kinsbergen commanded, under admiral 

 Zoutman, seven ships of the line, and had the princi- 

 pal merit of the victory over the British admiral 

 Parker. After the peace of Paris of 1783, the em- 

 press of Russia and the king of Denmark endeavoured 

 to induce Kjnsbergen to enter their respective ma- 

 rines; but he refused every offer. During the war of 

 the French Revolution, he was of great assistance 

 to his country, particularly in the campaigns of 1793 

 and 1794. After the unsuccessful campaign of 

 1795, and the change of administration, Kinsbergen 

 remained in retirement, declining the most brilliant 

 offers. Even Schimmelpenninck, his*personal friend, 

 could not tempt him from his retreat, where he 

 occupied himself in study, agricultural pursuits, and 

 the education of the lower classes. King Louis 

 Napoleon appointed him first chamberlain, count of 

 Doggerbank, counsellor of state, and gave him the 

 grand cross of the order of the union. But he could 

 not induce him to leave his country-seat in Guelder- 

 land, in the neighbourhood of Appeldoorn, nor to 

 accept any of the salaries which were connected with 

 these appointments. After the union of Holland 

 with France, in 1810, Napoleon also endeavoured to 

 gain him over, and appointed him senator. Kinsber- 

 gen could not refuse the dignity, but he declined the 

 income connected with it. Master of a large fortune, 

 he applied it to benevolent and useful institutions. 

 Few men have left a name equally deserving esteem. 

 He was a member of many orders, and a member and 

 correspondent of the principal learned societies. As 

 a writer on navigation and tactics, he is an authority. 

 His maps, including those of the Crimea, are excel- 

 lent. 



KIOSK ; a summer-house, with a tent-shaped roof, 

 open on all sides, and isolated. It is supported by 

 pillars (commonly placed in a square), round the foot 

 of which is a balustrade. It is built of wood, straw, 

 or similar materials, and is chiefly erected to afford a 

 free prospect in the shade, but it also serves to em- 

 bellish a rural or garden view. The word kiosk is 

 Turkish. This kind of pavilion has been introduced 

 from the Turks and Persians into the English, French, 

 and German gardens. 



KIPPIS, ANDREW, a dissenting divine, was born 

 at Nottingham, March 28, 1725 ; in 1746, became 

 minister of a dissenting congregation at Boston in 

 Lincolnshire, and, in 1753, pastor to a dissenting con- 

 gregation in Westminster. In 1763, he was appointed 

 classical and philological tutor to the academy sup- 

 ported in London by the funds of William Coward. 



