318 



K1TCHINER KLEIST. 



ectietiee tancta Dei ; the dencon does Uie same to 

 the sub-dtMcvn, ami s;iys 1'ttx ttcum ; the latter 

 valut.-s Uie oUier clergy. Kissing must have been 

 >u wiili the Jews, since Jiulus used it as a sign 

 to In-tray Uie Saviour. 



K1TCHINER, DOCTOR, was tliesonof a Middlesex 

 justice, who was for many years u coal merchant in 

 the Strand. He acquired a handsome fortune, which 

 he bequeathed to his son. Doctor Kitchiner was 

 educated at Eton, after which he settled in London 

 as a physician. Early in life, he married ; but a 

 separation from his wife soon after took place by 

 mutual consent, and he was left at liberty to employ 

 his ample fortune in experimental cookery. He 

 treated eating and drinking as the only serious busi- 

 ness of life ; and, having caught the attention of the 

 public by the singularity of his conduct, he proceeded 

 to promulgate, under the title of the Cook's Oracle, 

 the laws of the culinary art, professedly founded on 

 his own practice. He was accustomed to assemble 

 his friends at a conversazione at his house on Tuesday 

 evenings, and, for the regulation of these meetings, 

 placed a placard over his chimney-piece, containing 

 these words, " At seven come, at eleven go." He 

 was a great stickler for punctuality, and kept a slate 

 in his hall, on which his hours for receiving visiters 

 were indicated. His appearance, his dress, his 

 usages, his person were all quaint. Besides his 

 Cook's Oracle, doctor Kitchiner wrote Practical 

 Observations on Telescopes (1815, reprinted for the 

 fourth time in 1825, under the title of Economy of 

 the Eyes) ; Apicius redivivus,' (1817) ; the Art of 

 Invigorating and Prolonging Life (1822); also the 

 Traveller's Oracle, published just after his death ; 

 &c. In his private character, doctor Kitchiner is 

 represented as having been an amiable man, re- 

 spected for his integrity, conciliatory manners, and 

 social virtues. 



KLAPROTH, MARTIN HENRY, one of the most 

 scientific German philosophers and chemists, was 

 born Dec. 1, 1743, at Wernigerode, and died Jan. 

 1, 1817, at Berlin. He was an apothecary till the 

 year 1788. In that year, he became chemist to the 

 academy of sciences, and sold his apothecary's estab- 

 lishment. He was the first who discovered, in the 

 stone called zircon, and also, afterwards, in the hya- 

 cinth, from Ceylon, a peculiar alkaline earth, to 

 which he gave the name of zircon earth, and which 

 has since attracted much attention from the French 

 chemists Morveau and Vauquelin. In 1797, he 

 ascertained, by a masterly analysis, the existence of 

 a distinct metal in the substance called platina, to 

 which he gave the name tellurium. To the same 

 period belongs, also, the discovery of another species 

 of metal, the titanium, which is of frequent occur- 

 rence in combination with the oxide of iron and 

 various earths. We are indebted to his analysis of 

 pitch blende for a third new species with which he 

 enriched the class of metals the uranium. He sub- 

 jected meteoric stones to a very thorough and care- 

 ful analysis, and proved the interesting point of their 

 identity of composition. The result of these, and 

 other more important chemical investigations, are 

 exhibited in his Contributions to the Chemical 

 Knowledge of Mineral Bodies (Berlin, 1795 1815, 

 torn, vi.) We have also a chemical dictionary pub- 

 lished by him in conjunction with D. Wolff, of which 

 five volumes, and four supplementary volumes, have 

 appeared at Berlin, since 1H07, which may be 

 regarded as the most complete and respectable chem- 

 ical work, in alphabetical arrangement, that Ger- 

 many has produced. 



KLKBER, JEAN BAPTISTS, a French general, dis- 

 tinguished not less for his humanity and integrity, 

 tlian for his courage, activity, and coolness, was one 



of the ablest soldiers which the revolution, so fertile 

 in military genius, produced. His father was a 

 common labourer, and young Kleber was himself 

 peacefully occupied as an architect, when the revo- 

 lutionary troubles led him to the career of arms. He 

 was born at Strasburg, in 1754, and had received 

 some education in the military academy at Munich, 

 through the agency of some German gentlemen, to 

 whom he had rendered a service. From 1770 to 

 1783, he had served in the Austrian army against 

 the Turks. Having entered a French volunteer 

 corps as a simple grenadier in 1792, his talents soon 

 procured him notice ; and, after the capture of May- 

 ence, he was made general of brigade. Although he 

 openly expressed his horror at the atrocious policy 

 of the revolutionary government, his services were 

 too valuable to be lost, and he distinguished himself 

 as a general of division, in the campaigns of 1795 

 and 1796. In 1797, Kleber, dissatisfied with the 

 directory, retired from the service; but general 

 Bonaparte prevailed upon him to join the expedition 

 to Egypt. Although no favourite of the general in 

 chief, yet, such were the talents that he displayed in 

 the campaign in Syria, and the battle of Aboukir, 

 and such was the esteem in which he was held by the 

 army, that Bonaparte left him the command, when 

 he himself returned to France. His situation was 

 difficult ; the army was weakened by a series of 

 laborious marches and sanguinary conflicts, and all 

 communication with France was intercepted ; yet he 

 maintained himself successfully against the enemy, 

 and introduced order into the government ; but, in 

 the midst of new preparations for securing possession 

 of the country, he was assassinated by a Turkish 

 fanatic, June 14, 1800. 



KLEIN; a German word for small, prefixed to a 

 great many geographical names. 



KLEIST VON NOLLENDORF, EMILIUS FRE- 

 DERIC, COUNT, one of the most distinguished Prussian 

 generals in the campaign of 1813 and 1814, against 

 Napoleon, was born at Berlin, in 1762, served in the 

 campaign of 1778, and rose by his courage and mili- 

 tary talents, so that, in 1803, he was made reporting 

 adjutant-general to the king of Prussia. After the 

 enterprise of Schill (q. v.), he was made commandant 

 of Berlin a post which required, at that time, much 

 talent and skill. In 1812, Kleist commanded a corps 

 of Prussians, auxiliary to Napoleon's grand army. 

 He distinguished himself in the battle of Bautzen 

 (q. v.), May 20, 1813, and was one of the plenipo- 

 tentiaries who concluded the armistice. When Napo- 

 leon forced the allies to retreat from Dresden into 

 Bohemia, after the battle of Dresden (August 26), 

 Kleist followed the general retreat ; but Vandamme 

 had entered Bohemia before him, with 40,000 men, 

 and Kleist had only the alternative of surrendering 

 his army, or fighting for life and death. He took 

 the bold resolution of throwing himself down from 

 the mountains into the rear of Vandamme (August 

 30), and was victorious at the village of Neuendorf. 

 His success saved Bohemia, against which Napoleon 

 had directed his masterly demonstrations. Kle:^ 

 was afterwards known by the affix of Nollendorf. 

 Feb. 14, 1814, he was victorious at Joinviliers, in 

 France. In the engagement at Claye, March 29, he 

 led a brigade to an assault in person. Kleist died in 

 1821. 



KLEIST, EWALD CHRISTIAN VON, born March. 

 1715, at Zeblin, in Pomerania, studied for nine ye:ns 

 at the Jesuit college at Kron, in Great Poland, then 

 at the gymnasium at Dantzic, and went, in 1731, to 

 Konigsberg to study law. Besides his acquisitions 

 in mathematics, philosophy, literature, and law, he 

 made great proficiency in modern languages. Having 

 tried in vain, several times to obtain a civil appoint. 



