324 



KOENIG KONIGSMARK. 



thither from the most distant countries. In 1761, 

 Koch published his Commentatio de Collatione Digni- 

 tatem et Beneficiorum ecclesiasticorum in Jin/i'-rid 

 Germanico, and, in 1789, his Commentary upon the 

 Pragmatic Sanction. In Paris, he collected (1762) 

 materials for the continuation of the Historia Zaerin- 

 go-Badensii, which appeared under the name of 

 Schoepflin, who, however, had only composed the 

 first volume. In 1780, Joseph II. conferred upon 

 Koch the rank of nobleman. He remained a profes- 

 sor in Strasburg, until the university was broken up. 

 In 1789, he was sent as deputy to Paris, by the Pro- 

 tr-tnnts in Alsace, in order to obtain the acknow- 

 ledgment of their civil and religious freedom, which 

 was effected by the decree of the 17th August, 1790. 

 After the breaking out of the revolution, he was sent, 

 by the department of the Lower Rhine, as deputy to 

 the legislative assembly, where he showed himself a 

 friend to constitutional monarchy. The anarchists 

 threw him into prison, from which he was not deliv- 

 ered till after eleven months' confinement, and the 

 overthrow of Robespierre. In 1802, he was appointed 

 a member of the tribunate, in which capacity he did 

 much for the restoration of order in church affairs, 

 and the re-establishment of the Protestant university 

 in Strasburg. After the dissolution of the tribunate, 

 Koch refused to fill any other office ; but the govern- 

 ment granted him, without any solicitation on his part, 

 a salary of 3000 francs, and, in 1810, the title of rec- 

 tor in the university at Strasburg. He died Oct. 25, 

 1813. Besides the above-named works, he is the 

 author of the following : Tables genealogiques des 

 maisons souveraines de {'Europe (Strasburg, 1782 

 1784) ; Hist, abregee des Traites de Paix depuis la 

 Paix de tVestphalie (Basil, 1791, 4 vols. ; continued 

 byScholl, Paris, 1818, 15 volumes); Tableau des 

 Revolutions de I' Europe depuis le Bouleversement de 

 I'Empire Romain en Occident (Basil, 1802, Paris, 

 1814 et seq., four vols.); and Table des Traites entre 

 la France et les Puissances etrangeres depuis la Paix 

 de Westphalie ; with a new collection of diplomatic 

 documents (Basil, 1802). Koch was a man of great 

 acuteness, equanimity, patience, and nobleness of 

 character. 



KOENIG ; German for king ; prefixed to many 

 geographical names, as, Konigsberg (king's mountain). 



KOH ; an Indo-Germanic word, signifying moun- 

 tain ; e. g. Hindookoh (mountains of India). 



KOLA ; a seaport of Russia, the chief town in 

 Russian Lapland (now called the circle of Kola), in 

 Archangelskoe ; 540 miles N. Petersburg ; Ion. 33 

 0' E. ; lat. 68 32' N. ; houses, fifty ; churches, two. 

 It is situated near the ]S 7 orth sea, on the river Kola, 

 which forms a bay at its mouth, where is a considera- 

 ble fishery for whales, sea-dogs, and other fish, which 

 the inhabitants cure for sale. The circle, including 

 the whole of Russian Lapland, is very dreary and 

 thinly peopled, supposed to contain not more than 

 2000 inhabitants. 



KOLBERG. See Colberg. 



KOL1N. See Colin. 



KOLLER, BARON OF ; Austrian field-marshal-lieu- 

 tenant ; one of the commissioners who accompanied 

 Napoleon, in 1814, to Elba, after his abdication. Kol- 

 ler had to protect Napoleon against a rabble infuriated 

 by priests and ultras, and always preserved the great 

 coat of Napoleon, who had put on his (Keller's) 

 uniform, in order to be less exposed to danger. When 

 Koller returned from Elba, he fulfilled Napoleon's 

 wish to conclude a treaty of commerce between 

 Genoa and Elba. The conduct of Koller is highly 

 praiseworthy, if we consider how much the passions 

 of men were excited against Napoleon, and how 

 much a liberal treatment of him was misconstrued. 

 General Koller afterwards served with the Austrian 



army in Naples. He died Aug. 23, 1826. fie left 

 an excellent collection of antiques. 



KOM, or COM, or KOOM (ancient Choand); a 

 town of Persia, in Irak ; 150 miles N. Ispahan ; Ion. 

 51 14' E. ; lat. 34 20' N. ; population, about 15,000. 

 It is said to have contained, formerly, 15,000 houses, 

 but is now much reduced, and exhibits extensive 

 ruins. It is esteemed by the Persians a holy city, 

 and has a celebrated mosque, and an asylum for 

 debtors, who are protected and supported. One of 

 the mosques is highly esteemed by the Persians, 

 because of the sepulchres of Shah Sophy, and his son 

 Shah Abbas II., and that of Sidy Fatima, grand- 

 daughter of Mohammed. These tombs are frequented 

 by pilgrims from all parts of Persia, who resort hither 

 once a year to pay their devotions. Kom is cele- 

 brated for manufacturing the best sabres and poniards 

 of all Persia. The walls of the town are lofty, 

 and it has seven gates. The grand bazar crosses 

 the town from one gate to the other ; besides which, 

 there are others well furnished with coffee-houses, 

 and shops of various kinds. The country round 

 about is fertile in rice and fruit. 



KOMORN, the capital of the county of Komorn, 

 in Hungary, with 11,500 inhabitants, has a gymna- 

 sium, and carries on some commerce. On the island 

 of Schutt, 2000 paces distant, between the Waag 

 and Danube, is a fortress, recently erected, which is 

 rendered almost impregnable by nature and art. 



KONIGSBERG (that is, king's mountain) ; the 

 capital of Prussia Proper, seat of many civil and 

 military authorities, and superior judicial tribunals ; 

 63,800 inhabitants; 4108 houses; lat. 54 42' 12" N. ; 

 Ion. 20 29' E. It is situated on the Pregel, not far 

 from the influx of this river into the Frische Haff. 

 Konigsberg is an important seaport of the Baltic, and 

 formerly belonged to the Hanseatic league. It has 

 some considerable buildings, as, for instance, the 

 cathedral, with the tombs of the grand masters of the 

 Teutonic order, and the dukes. The university of 

 Konigsberg was founded in 1544, by the margrave 

 Albert I., duke of Prussia, and has at present 300 

 students. It is largely endowed for poor students. 

 The library contains 60,000 volumes. The astronomer 

 Bessel is a professor of this university. Kant taught 

 here a long time. Large vessels cannot sail up to 

 the city, but they are obliged to remain at Pillau, the 

 fortress and port of Konigsberg. Its commerce has 

 very much declined. 



KONIGSMARK, MARIA AURORA, countess of, one 

 of the many mistresses of Augustus II., king of 

 Poland, and elector of Saxony, born about 1678, was 

 descended from one of the oldest families of Branden- 

 burg. She was one of the most celebrated women 

 of her age, on account of her personal charms and 

 uncommon talents, and of the part which she per- 

 formed in politics. While a girl, she wrote and 

 spoke Swedish, German, French, Italian, and English, 

 read the classics in the original, had an extensive 

 knowledge of history and geography, and even com- 

 posed poems in French and Italian. She played on 

 several instruments, composed music, and sang, and 

 painted with great skill. Several proofs of her 

 talent for painting still remain at Quedlinburg. She 

 had also a delicate wit, and fine powers of conversa- 

 tion. Thus gifted and accomplished, she arrived, in 

 1694, in Dresden, with her two sisters. The elector 

 fell in love with her at first sight. She rejected, for 

 a long time, all his offers, though he tried every 

 means to gain her : at last she yielded, and appeared 

 at court as his mistress. She bore him a son, the 

 famous marshal Saxe (q. v.). But when the passion 

 of the fickle king cooled, the countess knew how to 

 sustain her misfortune with dignity ; and he always 

 remained on terms of friendship with her. By his 



