LAMA LAMARQUE. 



353 



appointed and deposed the khans ; but he is now 

 more dependent on the emperor of China, although 

 the latter, in a religious respect, is subjected to him. 

 Two Chinese mandarins, with a garrison of 1000 

 Chinese, are maintained in his capital, and, in the 

 palace at Pekin, the Chinese emperor supports a 

 subordinate lama, who is sent as a nuncio from 

 Thibet. When the Dalai-lama dies, it is then neces- 

 sary to discover where his spirit has chosen to be 

 born anew. In this case, all must submit to the 

 opinion of some of the lamas, who alone are ac- 

 quainted with the signs by which he may be known, 

 or, rather, who know what child the deceased has 

 appointed for his successor. The worshippers of 

 the lama are divided, in general, into two sects, 

 known by the titles of the yellow and red caps. 

 Each sect is under three lamas ; the former is under 

 the Dalai, Teeshoo, or Bogao, and Taranaut lamas ; 

 the latter, under the three shammars. The Dalai- 

 lama is the most distinguished of all, and next to him 

 is the Teeshoo-lama, who dwells at Teeshoo-Loomboo 

 ten days' journey from Lassa. The three shammars 

 dwell in separate monasteries, the most distinguished 

 of' which is at Tassasudon, the capital of Bootan. 

 Subordinate to them are numerous priests of difler- 

 ent ranks, who are held in great respect, who super- 

 intend instruction, and some of whom live in a state 

 of celibacy, according to certain rules, similar to 

 those of the Christian monks. At Lassa alone 

 there are 3000 monasteries. The religion of the lama 

 sprung up in Thibet, and knows no eternal, self-exist- 

 ent being. Their idols or Boorchans, 108 in number, 

 are created beings, who ascended into the rank of gods 

 before the present world was created, on account of 

 their holiness. Shigemooni, the chief object of wor- 

 ship, appeared in the world for the last time 1000 B. 

 C., and instituted Lamaism, and now rules the world 

 in its present state of misery. The earth is inhabited 

 by degenerate spirits from the upper world. The 

 human soul, after it has been subjected to a state of 

 trial, and has passed a good or bad life, enters upon 

 a higher or lower condition. This doctrine renders 

 the worshippers of the lama benevolent and moral. 

 Their idol worship consists in clamorous songs and 

 prayers, accompanied with loud music, in splendid 

 and festive processions, and in the solemnization of 

 certain festivals at fixed times, together with pilgrim- 

 ages and personal castigations. 



LAMA, in zoology. See Lluma. 



LAMARCK, JEAN BAPTISTE ANTOINE PIERRE 

 MONET, chevalier de, was born in the year 1745, in 

 Picardy, of a noble family, and was compelled, on 

 account of an accident, to abandon the service, and 

 devote his attention to study. He applied himself at 

 first to medicine ; afterwards, in consequence of hear- 

 ing Jussieu's illustrations of botany, was led to the 

 study of natural science. Jussieu, on a botanical 

 excursion, in which Lamarck accompanied him, had 

 intimated that the old method of instruction in this 

 department left much to be wished for, and Lamarck 

 determined to remedy this deficiency. He laboured 

 with great diligence on a treatise in which he showed 

 the defects of the old system, and proposed a new 

 one himself, which met with universal approbation. 

 He then applied his new system to the plants of 

 France, and delivered to the academy his Flore 

 Francaise, ou Description succincte de toutes les 

 Plantes que croissent en France. This work was 

 printed, by the recommendation of the academy, at 

 the expense of the government, for the benefit of the 

 author (1780, under the date of 1778, in three vols.; 

 second edition, 1793 ; and the third enlarged and 

 revised by Decandolle, in 1805). Lamarck now 

 turned his whole attention to this science, and made 

 several botanical excursions to Auvergne and into 

 IV. 



Germany, in the last of which he was accompanied 

 by the son of the great Buffon. On his return to 

 Paris, he undertook the botanical department of the 

 Encyclopedia, which Panckoucke was publishing, 

 and applied himself to this task with such assiduity, 

 that, in 1783, he produced the first half of the first 

 volume, with an introduction, containing a sketch of 

 the history of the science. He published the second 

 volume in 1788. But a dispute between him and the 

 publisher, in regard to the admission of certain arti- 

 cles, brought the undertaking to a stand, and there 

 ended Lamarck's botanical career. Many of his 

 botanical treatises were published in the Memoirs of 

 the Academy, and in the Journal d'Histoire naturelle, 

 edited by him, together with the abbe Hauy, Four- 

 croi, Bruquie"re, Oliver and Pelletier, which make us 

 regret that their author ever abandoned this branch 

 of science. At the breaking out of the revolution, 

 he was the second professor in the royal jardin des 

 plantes ; but, in consequence of new arrangements, 

 he was made professor in the department of zoology, 

 in which he was soon as much distinguished as he 

 had been in botany. His Systeme des Animaux sans 

 f^ertebres, ou Tableau general des Classes, des Ordres, 

 et des Genres, de ces Animaux (one vol. , Paris, 1801 ), 

 his Philosophic zoologique, and his Histoire naturelle 

 des Animaux sans Vcrtebres,&w his principal works in 

 this department of science. Lamarck's comprehen- 

 sive mind was also directed towards physics, and he 

 published, in 1794, Recherches sur les Causes des 

 principaux Faits physiques, in which he exposes 

 many false theories in this science. With the same 

 view, he also wrote his Refutation de la Theorie 

 pneumatique, &c., which appeared -at Paris in 1796. 

 He collected his meteorological observations in his 

 Annuaire meteorolpgique, which first appeared in 

 1799, and was continued to 1809. 



LAMARQUE, MAXIMILIAN, was born at Saint- 

 Sever, of rich and respectable parents, and, in 1792, 

 entered the army as a private soldier, choosing to 

 obtain promotion only by merit, and became captain 

 of grenadiers in the celebrated corps of Latour 

 d'Auvergne, known under the title of the infernal 

 column. He was in the vanguard of the army of the 

 Pyrenees, in 1793, under the command of general 

 Moncey, and received, Feb. 3, two severe wounds, 

 while, with a single company, he was sustaining the 

 attack of a column of the Spanish army, that endea- 

 voured to turn the French division. He afterwards 

 marched against Fontarabia, at the head of 200 



frenadiers, and, precipitating himself into the moat, 

 rew down the drawbridge, and gained possession of 

 the place. Eighty pieces of cannon, and 1800 prison- 

 ers, were the fruit of this coup-de main, which pro- 

 cured Lamarque, then but twenty years old, the rank 

 of adjutant-general. In 1801, he was made general 

 of brigade, and distinguished himself at the battle ot 

 Hohenlinden. He then served in Spain, and in the 

 campaign of 1805, so brilliantly terminated by the 

 battle of Austerlitz. He was soon afterwards sent to 

 Naples with the army under the command of Joseph 

 Bonaparte, and, in crossing the mountains on the 

 Neapolitan frontier, with eight soldiers, was attacked 

 by a band of fifty robbers, under the orders of the 

 ferocious Fra-Diavolo, against whom he successfully 

 defended himself. He was sent, in 1807, against the 

 insurgents of Calabria, and, near Marathea, defeated 

 a body of 1200 British that were sent to support 

 them. He took the town, and made 1800 prisoners, 

 which exploit gained him the rank of general of divi- 

 sion. He was employed by Murat in 1808, and took 

 the island of Caprea from the British, which was 

 considered impregnable, and was defended by a gar- 

 rison superior in numbers to the assailants. He after- 

 wards joined the army in Germany, and at the 



