40S 



LAWRENCE LAZARITES. 



Its breadth between Montreal and Quebec is from 

 half a milt- to four miles; the average breadth, about 

 two miles. Below Quebec, it gradually widens, till 

 it enters the gulf, where, from cape Rosier to the 

 Miiurun settlement, on the Labrador coast, it is about 

 105 miles in breadth. The country through which it 

 flows, from the lake to the gulf, is generally fertile, 

 and much of it well cultivated, and rapidly improving; 

 on both sides, the prospect is delightful : numerous 

 villages, for the most part built round a handsome 

 stone church, invite the traveller's attention, while 

 single houses and farms appear at agreeable distances. 

 The river in several places spreads out into large 

 Vikes, as lake St Francis, St Louis, and Deux Mon- 

 tagnes ; and there are numerous islands, shoals, and 

 rapids. From the beginning of December to the 

 middle of April, the navigation is totally suspended 

 by frost. The breaking up of the ice in the spring 

 is described as a magnificent scene. 



LAURENCE, ST, GULF OF; a gulf which re- 

 ceives the waters of the St Lawrence, tormed between 

 the western part of Newfoundland, the eastern shores 

 of Labrador, the eastern extremity of New Bruns- 

 wick, part of Nova Scotia, and the island of Cape 

 Breton. It communicates with the Atlantic by three 

 passages, on the north, by the straits of Belleisle, 

 between Labrador and Newfoundland; on the south- 

 east, by the passage between cape Ray and New- 

 foundland; and by the gut of Canso, which divides 

 Cape Breton from Nova Scotia. The distance from 

 cape Rosier to cape Ray is seventy-nine leagues ; 

 from Nova Scotia to Labrador, 106. 



LAY (from the Anglo-Saxon word ley); the name 

 of an ancient elegiac kind of French lyric poetry, 

 formerly much imitated by the English. The lay is 

 said to have been formed on the model of the trochaic 

 verses of the Greek and Latin tragedies. There 

 were two sorts of lays ; the greater, which consisted 

 of twelve couplets of verses, in different measures ; 

 and the lesser, comprising sixteen or twenty verses. 

 The word lay is now generally applied to any little 

 melancholy song or air, and is, for the most part, 

 used in that sense by Chaucer, Spenser, Milton, 

 Waller, Dryden, and other classical English poets. 



LAYBACH (in Italian, Lubianna ; in Illyrian, 

 Lublana); capital of the Austrian duchy of Carniola, 

 the seat of the chief imperial gubernhtm, in the 

 kingdom of Illyria, for Carniola and Carinthia, also 

 of a prince-bishop, &c. In ancient times, it was 

 called /Emona, and was a considerable city in the 

 Vindelician Illyria. It contains, at present, 866 

 houses, with 11,500 inhabitants, who speak German, 

 Italian, modern Greek, and French. The lower class 

 speak the lllyrian-Vindelician dialect, which differs 

 little from the Croatian and Istrian. It carries on 

 considerable commerce with Vienna, Venice, Bavaria, 

 Constantinople. From 1809 to 1813, it was the 

 residence of the French governor-general of the 

 Illyrian provinces. The city has become remarkable, 

 of late, on account of the congress holden here, from 

 January 26, 1821, to May of the same year. In the 

 article Congress, the recent congressional politics, 

 and the consequences of the congress at Laybach, are 

 discussed. This congress forms a conspicuous epoch 

 in the history of politics, as it was here that the right 

 of armed intervention (see Intervention} was regularly 

 proclaimed and received into the national law of 

 Europe. Russia, Austria, and Prussia, declared that 

 they would never abandon these principles, but the 

 year 1830 made some change in their policy. Britain 

 declared (Castlereagh's letter, January 19, 1821) that 

 it could not agree to such principles. See Bignon's 

 Du Congres de Troppau (Paris, 1821), and the articles 

 Italy, Sicilies, The Two, and Sardinia; see also the 

 article Vrmwc. History of. 



LAYMAN (from the Greek *; , people) signifies, 

 since the third century, every person not a clergyman. 

 Among painters, it signifies a small statue, whose 

 joints are so formed, that it may be put into any 

 attitude, for the purpose of adjusting the drapery of 

 figures. 



LAYNEZ, JAMES, the second general of the 

 Jesuits (q. v.), and the real founder of the policy and 

 organization of the society, was born at Almancario, 

 near Siguenza, in Castile, in 1512. He studied at 

 Alcala. The tame of Ignatius Loyola's religious zeal, 

 and the desire of becoming acquainted with him, and, 

 at the same time, of pursuing his own studies, led 

 Laynez to Paris, where Loyola was then residing, in 

 order to escape the persecution of the inquisition. 

 An intimacy was soon formed between these two 

 zealots, and they determined to go to Turkey, and 

 preach the gospel to the infidels. A war with the 

 Porte defeated this plan ; and, while at Venice, in 

 1536, they formed the project of establishing a society, 

 the principal aim of which should be the education of 

 the people in the doctrines of the Roman church, and 

 the prevention of the spread of the new opinions. 

 Laynez, more prudent, learned, refined, and dexter- 

 ous than Loyola, had the principal share in the forma- 

 tion of this plan, and his disinterestedness, his zeal, 

 and activity, were the principal causes of the success 

 of the new institution. After the order had been 

 confirmed by Paul III. (1540), and Loyola, at the 

 request of Laynez, had been appointed the first 

 general, he made many journeys for the purpose of 

 extending the society of the Jesuits, and exerted 

 himself, with great activity, in the cause of the pope 

 at the council of Trent. He refused the cardinal's hat, 

 which was offered him by Paul IV. In 1558, he suc- 

 ceeded Loyola, as general of the order. In 1561, he 

 went to France with the cardinal Ferrara, to assist 

 him in extirpating heresy. Still we must do him the 

 justice to say, that he was the only one at the notorious 

 conference of Poissy, who listened at all to the voice of 

 reason and mercy. The establishment of the Jesuits in 

 France, although with some restrictions (see Jesuit), 

 was the result of this journey. After Laynez had 

 assisted in establishing, at the third council of Trent, 

 the supremacy of the bishop of Rome over the other 

 bishops, he returned to Rome, where he devoted 

 himself to the direction and extension of his order. 

 He died there January 19, 1565, at the age of fifty- 

 three. 



LAZARETTO ; a public building, hospital or 

 pest-house, for the reception of those afflicted with 

 contagious distempers. It is more particularly 

 applied to buildings in which quarantine is per- 

 formed. See Quarantine, Plague, Yellow Fever. 



LAZARITES, or FATHERS OF ST LAZARUS, 

 in France ; the priests of the mission were so called 

 after their priory of St Lazarus, in Paris. This order, 

 consisting of regular priests, bound by complete 

 monastic vows, was established in 1634, for the 

 purpose of supporting missions; but, in pagan coun- 

 tries, they have effected less than other orders 

 established for the same purpose. In China, they 

 have still a mission. In France, they survived the 

 revolution, and, in 1816, were restored, by a royal 

 ordinance, to their original destination, on account of 

 their services in the care of the country people. 

 Before July, 1830, they distinguished themselves 

 as the most active missionaries, adherents, and in- 

 formers, in the service of the ultra-party; by means 

 of which party, a portion of their former estates was 

 restored to them. In Poland, where they are called 

 fathers of the mission, they are most numerous, and 

 have great influence, as teachers in the seminaries 

 and as spiritual censors. They maintain their ancient 

 monasteries, and the backward state of science, in that 



