LEATHER LEBRUN. 



415 



of real estiile, requiring it to be by ilml. These 

 regulations extend also to leaseholds, usually requir- 

 ing 1 that a lease for more than a certain number of 

 51 ars, as three or seven, shall be in writing. A mere 

 oral lease is binding for a shorter period ; anil when 

 there is no specified period of occupancy, the term is 

 understood to be determined either by the agreement 

 for the payment of rent, as a tenement, held on con- 

 dition of paying a monthly rent, is understood to be 

 let for the term of a month at a time, or it is deter- 

 mined by the nature of the estate leased, as a farm is 

 in a mere verbal lease, understood to be let for one 

 year, this being the shortest time for which it is sup- 

 posed the parties would intend to contract. So it is 

 held in England, and probably the same rule is law 

 in the United States, though the decisions in some of 

 ilie states seem to imply, that the letting is also, in 

 this case, determined by the period of payment of 

 rent. But it can hardly be presumed that the parties 

 could intend that the tenant should plough, and 

 plant, and pay rent, and then quit. Leases usually 

 stipulate that, in case of failure to pay rent, the lessor 

 may enter and expel the tenant. As to notice to 

 quit, if the lease be for a certain time, no notice 

 to quit at its expiration is necessary ; but if the ten- 

 ancy be at will, or by sufferance, it can be determined 

 by either party only at the end of the term for which 

 the contract is construed to run ; and the party in- 

 tending to terminate it at the end of any term, is 

 bound to give previous notice of such intention. The 

 general rule, in this respect, is that of reasonable 

 notice ; but what is reasonable is subject to diverse 

 interpretation. Though a lease is terminated, yet 

 the tenant may enter afterwards, to harvest the crops 

 of the fields planted by him before the expiration of 

 his lease. The landlord has one privilege over other 

 creditors of the tenant, in respect to his rent, having 

 a right to distrain chattels on the premises, to enforce 

 and secure payment of it. This remedy exists in 

 Britain. A question has been much discussed, and 

 the subject of frequent adjudications, as to the right 

 of the tenant, at the expiration of his lease, to remove 

 fixtures erected by him on the leased premises. The 

 old doctrine was, that whatever he attached to the 

 land, or freehold became thereby a part of the real 

 estate, and that he had not, accordingly, any right to 

 remove it at the expiration of the term. This doc- 

 trine was first relaxed, in England, in favour of trade, 

 as it was expressed, meaning, however, industry in 

 general; and, on this principle, a very liberal construc- 

 tion was put upon the tenant's right to remove, at 

 the end of his term, any erections put up by him, for 

 the purpose of carrying on his business, whatever it 

 might be. For this purpose, however, these fixtures 

 must be such that they may be removed without 

 injury to the estate. Things incorporated with the 

 freehold, as repairs put upon a building, remain a 

 part of the real estate, and the tenant has no right to 

 remove them, as they thus become the property of 

 the landlord, although the tenant may have been 

 under no agreement or obligation to make the im- 

 provement. 



LEATHER. See Tanning. 



LEBANON, or LIBANUS, and ANTILIBANUS; 

 two parallel ridges of mountains in Syria, bounding 

 Palestine on the north. The highest summit of 

 Lebanon is 9600 feet. The cities Saida (the ancient 

 Sidon) and Tarabolus (Tripoli in Syria) are situated 

 at its base. In the parts of the mountain near the latter 

 city, there are a few specimens remaining of the 

 crdars of Lebanon, which the Phoenicians used in 

 their naval architecture. (See //arc/*.) Antilibanus, 

 or the northern part of the range, is inhabited by the 

 Mutavelis; the southern by the Druses. See Druses. 



LEBANON, NEW ; a post-town of Columbia 



county, New York; seven miles W. Pittsfield ; 

 twenty-seven S. E. Albany. It is situated on the 

 turnpike, between Pittsfield and Albany. The vil- 

 lage has a pleasant, picturesque situation, and is well 

 built. Here is a spring of considerable celebrity, 

 issuing from a high limestone hill, so copiously thr.t 

 the quantity amounts to eighteen barrels in a minute. 

 The water contains some lime in solution, but differs 

 very little from very pure mountain water, except by 

 its remarkable temperature, which is that of 73 

 Fahr., not varying perceptibly at any season. The 

 spring is kept in constant ebullition by a copious 

 emission of azotic gas. It is useful in salt rheums and 

 various other cutaneous affections. The waters are 

 used without injury for all domestic purposes. On 

 the western side of the mountain, opposite to the 

 spring, two miles and a half distant, is a neat village 

 of Shakers, containing about 500 inhabitants. The 

 houses are on a street about a mile in length, and are 

 painted of an ochre yellow. See Shakers. 



LEBRUN, CHARLES, born at Paris in 1618, first 

 painter to the king, was the son of a statuary of 

 ordinary talent. As early as his third year, he 

 sketched with coal, and, at twelve years old, painted 

 a portrait of his grandfather, which is not considered 

 the worst of his paintings. He studied with Vouet, 

 and soon surpassed not only all his fellow pupils, but 

 also his master. After his return from Rome, where, 

 under Poussin, he had studied principally the works 

 of Raphael, and the remains of ancient art, he re- 

 ceived the order of St Michael, and in 1648, was made 

 president of the new royal academy of painting and 

 sculpture. He was also named prince of the academy 

 of St Luke, in Rome. From 1 061, he was principally 

 employed in embellishing the residences of Louis 

 XIV. and his nobles with works of art, and in super- 

 intending the brilliant spectacles of the court. He 

 embellished Versailles, in particular, and was also 

 director of the royal Gobeline (q. v.) manufactory. 

 With the death of Colbert, his influence declined. 

 He died in 1690. Lebrun possessed a comprehen- 

 sive genius, which was cultivated by the incessant 

 study of history and national customs. Few painters 

 have so well understood the human character, and the 

 expression of the passions. This appears from his 

 treatises Stir la P/iysionomie, and Sur les Caracteres 

 des Passions. In invention, he equalled the greatest 

 artists who had preceded him. He combined a cor- 

 rect judgment with a lively imagination and facility 

 in execution. He aimed at the highest accuracy of 

 detail, consulting the remains of antiquity, books, and 

 learned men, on the minutest subjects. His weak 

 point in painting was his colouring, particularly of 

 flesh. 



LEBRUN, PONCE DENIS ECOUCHARD, a celebrated 

 poet, who, during his life, received the appellation of 

 the French Pindar, was born in 1729, and became 

 secretary to the prince of Conti. At the age of 

 twenty-six, he had taken his place in the first rank of 

 lyric poets. At the revolution, he celebrated the 

 birth of freedom in odes and epigrams ; but, as the 

 prospect darkened, he changed his tone, and, in 

 1793, deplored, in harmonious verses, the fate of his 

 country, oppressed by tyrants and anarchists. When 

 the academical establishments were reorganized, 

 Lebrun became a member of the institute. He 

 received from Bonaparte, when consul, a pension of 

 6000 francs. He died September 2, 1807. 



LEBRUN, CHARLES FRANCOIS, duke of Placentia, 

 descended from an humble family in the vicinity of 

 Coutances, came, at an early age, to Paris, where he 

 oblainVd the protection of M. de Maupeou, whose 

 secretary he became, after having been tutor to his 

 children. He is said to have composed, in 1770, the 

 speech which that gentleman delivered during his 



