8 



MODEL MODERN. 



in ascending ; and the Dorian mode was sure-ceded 

 by the Hypo-Lydian, Mypo-jEolian, Hypo-Phrygian, 

 Hypo-Ionian, and the Hypo-Dorian, in descending. 

 The moderns, however, only reckon two modes, the 

 major and the minor. The major mode is that divi- 

 sion of the octave by which the intervals between the 

 third and fourth, and seventh ami eighth, become half 

 tones, and all the other intervals whole tones. The 

 minor mode is that division by which the intervals 

 between the second and third, and fifth and sixth, 

 become half tones, and all the others whole tones. 

 Another distinction also, exists between the major 

 and minor modes ; the major mode is the same, both 

 ascending and descending ; but the minor mode in 

 ascending sharpens the sixth and seventh, thereby 

 removing the half tone from between the fifth and 

 sixth to the seventh and eighth. 



MODEL ; an original of any kind proposed for 

 copy or imitation. It is used, in building, for an 

 artificial pattern formed in stone or wood, or, as is 

 most commonly the case, in plaster, with all due 

 purls and proportions, for the more correct execution 

 of some great work, and to afford an idea of the effect 

 to be produced. Models in imitation of any natural 

 or artificial substance are usually made by means of 

 moulds of plaster of Paris. In painting, this is the 

 name given to a man or woman who is procured 

 to exhibit him or herself, in a state of nudity, for 

 the advantage of the students. These models are 

 provided in all academies and schools for painting, 

 and the students who have acquired a tolerable use 

 of the pencil are introduced to this kind of study. 

 By this means, the details and porportions of the 

 human shape, the play of the muscles, the varieties of 

 expression, &c., are displayed and inculcated far 

 better than by any course of lectures or any study of 

 former works. It is desirable that the living models 

 used in an academy, or even in a private painting 

 room, should be changed as frequently as possible, 

 or the student is in danger of falling into mannerism. 

 Millin speaks of a model, of the name of Deschamps, 

 who did duty in this way upwards of forty years in 

 the academy at Paris, and comments on the facility 

 with which this person's form and features might be re- 

 cognized, in every variety of subject or of expression, 

 in the paintings of the students of that period. In 

 culpture a model implies a figure made of wax or 

 terra cotta, or any other malleable substance, which 

 the artist moulds to guide him in fashioning his work, 

 as the painter first makes a sketch, or the architect a 

 design. When a model of any existing object is to 

 be taken, the original is first to be greased, in order 

 to prevent the plaster from sticking to it, and then 

 to be placed on a smooth table, previously greased, 

 or covered with a cloth, to guard against the same 

 accident ; then surround the original with a frame or 

 ridge of glazier's putty, at such a distance as will ad- 

 mit of the plaster resting upon the table, on every 

 side of the subject, for about an inch, or as much as 

 may be thought sufficient to give the proper degree 

 of strength to the mould. An adequate quantity of 

 plaster is then to be poured as uniformly as possible 

 over the whole substance, until it is everywhere 

 covered to such a thickness as to give a proper sub- 

 stance to the mould, which may vary in proportion 

 to the size. The whole must then be allowed to 

 continue in this way till the plaster shall have attain- 

 ed its firmness j when the frame being removed, the 

 mould may be inverted, and the subject taken from 

 it ; and when the plaster is thoroughly dry, it should 

 be well seasoned. 



MODENA ; a sovereign duchy of Italy, lying in a 

 fruitful plain of Lombardy, watered by the Panaro, 

 and bordering on Tuscany, Lucca, Bologna, Mantua 

 and Parma. By an act of the congress of Vienna, 



Reggio, Minndola, Correggio (birth-place of the 

 celebrated painter), Carpoli, and Rivoli, together 

 with Massa and Carrara, *and the former Imperial 

 l-'iefs. arc united with the duchy of Modena proper to 

 constitute one government ; superficial extent of the 

 whole, 2000 square miles ; population, 375,000. The 

 territory is fertile and well cultivated, the climate, 

 in general, temperate and healthy, and the principal 

 productions corn, rice, fruits, wine, oil, silk, honey, 

 iron, marble, &c. The income of the state is about 

 1 ,500,000 florins ; the armed force 2080 men. The 

 ruling house is of the Austrian line of the house of 

 Este (see Este}; the government is absolute, and the 

 administration is conducted by one, minister and two 

 secretaries ; the Austrian civil code is in force. The 

 present ducal house is descended from Cajsar of Este, 

 a cousin (by a morganatic marriage) of the last duke 

 of the former line of Este, which became extinct in 

 1598. The Pope Clement VIII. then took pos- 

 session of Fetrara, which had previously formed a 

 part of the Modenese territories, as a reverted fief of 

 the papal see. In 1653, Correggio was added to the 

 duchy by grant of the emperor of Germany, Miran- 

 dola, in 1710, and Novellara, in 1737. Hercules III. 

 (died in 1803) married the heiress of the duchy of 

 Massa-Carrara, and left an only daughter, who WHS 

 married to Ferdinand, archduke of Austria, brother 

 of Leopold II. In 1796. the French took possessicn 

 of the country, and it was included in the Cisalpine 

 republic, and afterwards in the kingdom of Italy. 

 The present duke Francis IV., the son of the arch- 

 duke Ferdinand, is prince of Hungary and Bohemia, 

 and archduke of Austria. He was born in 1779, 

 and, in 1812, married a daughter of the king of Sar- 

 dinia. In 1814, he entered into possession of the 

 estates of his grandfather, by virtue of a reversionary 

 investment conferred on his father by the emperor, 

 and his claims were confirmed by the congress of 

 Vienna. He assumed the name of Este, and thus 

 became the founder of the Austrian line of Este. 

 His mother also entered upon the government of the 

 duchy of Massa-Carrara, which she inherited from 

 her mother, and to which the congress annexed the 

 fiefs in the Lunigiana : on her death, in 1829, these 

 passed to her son. The house of Modena-Este also 

 holds the rich fideicommissa (see Fideicommissum) of 

 the house of Obizzi, in Treviso. The present duke 

 has a son, born in 1819, and two brothers. In con- 

 sequence of the arbitrary character of the duke's 

 government, an insurrection was organized, and the 

 citizens of Modena, Reggio, Massa-Carrara and other 

 places took arms, with the purpose of extorting from 

 their rulers a more liberal form of government, in 

 February, 1831. The duke was obliged to flee ; but 

 in March the Austrian troops entered Modena, at the 

 request of the duke, and restored the authority of the 

 government. 



MODENA (Mutina); capital of the duchy of the 

 same name, situated in a fertile plain, on the canal of 

 Modena, which unites the Secchia and the Panaro, 

 twenty-three leagues from Florence, thirty-six from 

 Milan ; lat. 44 38' N. ; Ion. 10 54' E. It is the see 

 of a bishop, and contains an old cathedral, at the 

 foot of the tower of which hangs the bucket which 

 was the subject of war between the Bolognese and 

 Modenese, and of a mock heroic poem, by Tassoni, 

 entitled La Secchia Rapita (the Rape of the Bucket), 

 with a large number of churches. The ducal palace 

 has a fine collection of pictures, and a good library of 

 80,000 volumes. There are also a university and other 

 institutions, literary and charitable. The fortifications 

 are inconsiderable; the population about 25,000. 

 Natives, Sigonius, Muratori, Tassoni, Fallopius. 



MODERN ; that which belongs to recent times. 

 The term modern history is used in different senses. 



