MONTANUS MONTECUCCULI. 



43 



period of the revolution, he was imprisoned. He 

 died in 1800. Among his works are La Fortification 

 perpendiculaire, ou Art dtfensif superieur a. VArt 

 offensif (11 vols. 4to); Memoirs sur les AffAts de la 

 Marine ; Reflexions sur le Siege de Saint Jean d' Arc; 

 Memoires ou Correspondence avec les Generaux et les 

 Ministres, from 1761 to 1791 ; with some comedies, 

 tales, and chansons. 



MONTANUS, in the middle of the second century, 

 bishop of Pepuza, in Phrygia, an illiterate man, who 

 gave himself out for the promised Comforter, who 

 was to bring to perfect maturity the Christian system. 

 In his doctrines, he deviates from the received opin- 

 ions only in maintaining that all true Christians receive 

 the inspirations of the Holy Ghost. The chiliastic or 

 millennarian notions, and his rigid adherence to the 

 letter of the law, he had in common with the Judaiz- 

 ing Christians ; and the moral peculiarities of his 

 sect consisted merely in a more strict observance of 

 externals, frequent fasts, the contempt of heathenish 

 learning and worldly conveniences, abstinence from 

 second marriage, and a willingness to submit to celi- 

 bacy and martyrdom. His disciples called them- 

 selves Pneumatici, from a belief in their superior 

 spiritual perfection ; they were also called Pepu- 

 zians and Phrygians, because their doctrines prin- 

 cipally prevailed in Phrygia and Asia Minor in 

 general. Tertullian, himself a Montanist, defends 

 their monastic rigour. On the other hand, the Alex- 

 andrian school, which was inclined to the Gnostic 

 dogmas, opposed their fanaticism till they became 

 extinct, in the fourth century, with the exception of 

 some remains which survived a short time in Gaul, 

 where the sect had been introduced by Phrygian 

 colonists. 



MONTASSAR. See Caliph. 



MONTAUBAN ; a city of France, in the depart- 

 ment Tarn and Garonne, see of a bishop, with some 

 public offices and 26,466 inhabitants. It is finely 

 situated and well built. The cathedral, the episcopal 

 palace, the hotel de ville, and the bridge over the 

 Tarn, are particularly worthy of being seen. Lat. 

 44 0' 55" N.; Ion. 1 21' E.; 140 leagues south of 

 Paris. During the religious wars in France, Montau- 

 bau was a stronghold of the Huguenots, and was 

 besieged in 1580 by Montluc, and in 1621 by the 

 troops of Louis XIII., without success. It suffered 

 severely from the dragonnades, under Louis XIV. 



MONTAUK POINT ; the eastern extremity of 

 Long Island, New York, in Easthampton ; Ion. 72 

 W. ; lat. 41 4' N.; with a lighUhouse. 



MONTBELLIARD (in German, MUmpelgard); 

 a city of France, in the department of the Doubs, in 

 a fertile plain, commanded by an old castle, formerly 

 the residence of the princes of Montbelliard ; 4600 

 inhabitants. It was formerly strongly fortified, but 

 Louis XIV. captured it, and demolished the works, in 

 1674. It was ceded to France, with the territory 

 forming a county of the same name, in 1796. Lon. 

 6 44' E. ; lat. 47 31' N. 



MONTCALM DE SAINT-VERAN, Loois 

 JOSEPH, marquis of, lieutenant-general in the French 

 service, was born near Nimes, in 1712 ; after receiv- 

 ing a careful education, entered the military service 

 in his fifteenth year, and distinguished himself on 

 several occasions. In 1756, he was sent to Canada, 

 as commander-in-chief of the French American colo- 

 nies ; and, although exposed, with a feeble army, to 

 the rigours of a severe climate, and neglected by the 

 mother country, he obtained repeated advantages 

 over lord Loudon in the first campaign, gained a com- 

 plete victory over Abercromby in the second, and fell, 

 under the walls of Quebec, in 1759, in the battle with 

 Wolfe. 



MONTE BELLO ; an Austrian town in Vicenza, 



in Italy, thirteen miles south-west of Vicenza; popula- 

 tion 1500. Here was an engagement, in 1796, 

 between the Austrians and French under marshal 

 Lannes (q. v.); hence his title of duke of Monte Bella. 



MONTE CASINO; a celebrated benedictine abbey 

 in the kingdom of Naples, in the province Terra di 

 Lavoro, near the small town of S. Germano, and 

 about forty-five miles from the city of Naples, founded 

 by St Benedict of Norcia, in 529. It is situated on 

 a mountain, from which it derives its name, near the 

 ruins of the ancient Casinum, and is approached by 

 a well-paved and winding road, the ascent of which 

 occupies about two hours. The abbey, after having 

 suffered repeated reverses, finally became considera- 

 ble for its privileges and its wealth, and in the 

 eleventh and twelfth centuries was the seat of science, 

 particularly of medicine, the celebrated school of 

 Salerno having been founded by the monks of Monte 

 Casino. The church is very magnificent, although 

 overloaded with ornament, and contains the tomb of 

 the founder ; the library is valuable, and there are 

 many valuable pictures belonging to the abbey, par- 

 ticularly in the room and tower which St Benedict is 

 said to have inhabited. The monastery has served 

 as a place of refuge to several sovereigns and pontiffs, 

 and was formerly much visited by pilgrims and tra- 

 vellers, who were entertained free of expense. A 

 hospitium, with four monks, was also supported at 

 S. Germano, where travellers were received and pro- 

 vided with mules for continuing their journey to the 

 abbey. At present, the road on which it lies is little 

 frequented ; the neighbourhood is infested with rob- 

 bers, and the old abbey has few visitors. See Bene- 

 dict St, and Benedictines. 



MONTE CIRCELLO (anciently Circeeum promon- 

 forium, orjugum); a mountainous cape of Italy, near 

 the sea, and by the ancients called an island, and 

 celebrated as the habitation of Circe, the sorceress, 

 who used to transform her lovers into brute animals. 

 On this promontory once stood a town called Cir- 

 ceeum ; here was a chapel dedicated to Circe, and art 

 altar to Minerva. Fifty miles south-east of Rome; 

 Ion. 12 57' E.; lat. 41 17' N. 



MONTECUCCULI, or, more correctly, MONTE- 

 CUCCOLI, prince Raymond, one of the greatest 

 military commanders of modern times, born in the 

 Modenese, in 1 608, bore arms at first in the capacity 

 of a common soldier, under his uncle, and rose suc- 

 cessively through all the ranks. His first brilliant 

 exploit was in 1639, when, by a forced march, at the 

 head of 2000 horse, he surprised a body of 10,000 

 Swedes, and captured all their artillery and baggage. 

 Baner (q. v.), however, hastened to attack the victor, 

 and made him prisoner. Montecuccoli now passed 

 two years of captivity in the assiduous study of the 

 military art. In 1646, he gained a victory over gen- 

 eral Wrangel, at Triebel. After the peace of West- 

 phalia (1648), he visited Sweden, and then returned 

 to Modena, where, at a carrousel in honour of the 

 marriage of the duke, he had the misfortune to kill 

 his friend, the count Manzani. In 1657, the emperor 

 of Germany sent him to the aid of .John Casimir, king 

 of Poland, against Ragotsky and the Swedes. Monte- 

 cuccoli defeated the Transylvanians, and drove the 

 Swedish forces from Cracow. Charles Gustavus, 

 king of Sweden, then attacked Denmark ; but 

 Montecuccoli hastened to its defence, and relieved 

 Copenhagen by land before the Dutch could intro- 

 duce reinforcements by sea. The peace which fol- 

 lowed this success did not leave him long in retire- 

 ment : the conqueror of Ragotsky was now employed 

 to protect that prince against the Turks. He com- 

 pelled them to withdraw from Transylvania, and, by 

 a wise system of delay, baffled all the attempts oi 

 their formidable force, un'U the arrival of the French, 



