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MONTROSE MONUMENT. 



MONTROSE, JAMKS GRAHAM, marquis of, a ili- 

 tiniruislied royalist under Charles I., descent ted from 

 Ue royiil family of Scotland. He entered the Scotch 

 guards in France. On his return, he excited the 

 jealousy of the marquis of Hamilton, in consequence 

 of which he met with such neglect that he joined 

 the covenanters; but, afterwards returning to the 

 royal side, he was zealous in his service of the king, 

 and gained the battles of Perth, Aberdeen, and 

 Inverlochy, in recompense for which he was created 

 a marquis. In 1645, being defeated by Lesley, 

 he left the kingdom, and remained abroad until 

 1650, when lie came to Orkney, with a few fol- 

 lowers ; but, being taken, ' he was conveyed to 

 Edinburgh, where he was hanged and quartered, 

 May 21, 1650. 



MONTROUGE ; a village of France, near Paris, 

 at which is the entrance to the vast catacombs 

 (q. v.), which extend under a part of Paris, and con- 

 tain the bones of twenty generations. The remains 

 of the French army, after the battle of Waterloo, 

 were rallied on the plains of Montrouge. 



MONTSERRAT ; one of the Little Antilles, or 

 Caribbee islands, belonging to Britain ; lat. 16 

 47' N.j Ion. 62 15' \V. It is about nine miles long, 

 and nearly as wide, and contains 30,000 acres, of 

 which two thirds are mountainous and barren. The 

 exports are sugar, rum, cotton, and indigo ; the 

 population, 8000, of which 6500 are slaves. Ply- 

 mouth is the chief place. The island was discovered 

 by Columbus, in 1493, and colonized by the British, 

 in 1632. " . 



MONTSERRAT (Monserradd); a mountain in 

 Spain, in the province of Catalonia, twenty-four miles 

 south-west of Barcelona, which has its name from 

 its numerous peaks, resembling the teeth of a saw. 

 It is famous for its ancient Benedictine monastery, 

 which was partly destroyed, in 1812, by the French. 

 The monastery is composed, in part, of thirteen 

 hermitages, which are accessible only by steps 

 hewn out of the steep rock. The youngest monks 

 occupy the highest, at an elevation of 3000 or 4000 

 feet. They are supplied with provisions from the 

 monastery, by mules trained for the purpose ; they 

 hear the sound of the bells, the music of the organ, 

 and jthe singing of the choir, but assemble only on 

 festival days to perform divine service in the monastic 

 chapel. Many of these hermits have only room for 

 a small hut ; others have also a small garden. 

 Some of their dwellings appear to be suspended in 

 the air, and can be approached only by means of 

 ladders and bridges, over terrible precipices. The 

 inmates gradually descend as the tenants below 

 them die off^ until they inherit a place in the monas- 

 tery which contains the tombs. The mountain 

 is full of narrow passes, many of which are fortified. 

 The image of the virgin, pretended to have been 

 found in a cave in the ninth century, draws many 

 pilgrims thither. 



MONTUCCI, ANTONIO, one of the most learned 

 Chinese scholars in Europe, born at Sienna, in 1769, 

 studied at the university there, devoting himself to 

 the living languages with almost incredible applica- 

 tion. In 1785, he was made professor of English at 

 the college Tolmei, and, in 1789, accompanied Mr 

 Wedgwood to England as Italian teacher in his family. 

 Here he became acquainted with four young Chinese, 

 obtained from them a copy of the Chinese dictionary 

 Tching Tseu Thoung, which was not before known 

 in Europe, and soon formed the plan of preparing a 

 new dictionary of the Chinese language. To meet 

 the. expense, he laid his prospectus before several 

 princes and academies, but the king of Prussia 

 was the only person who made him an answer. He 

 cet out for Prussia ; but the expedition of Napo- 



leon (I80(j) disappointed his expectations of aid from 

 tlie Prussian court. He continued, however, to 

 labour on his dictionary, supporting himself by 

 giving lessons in English and Italian. In 1812, he 

 went to Dresden, where he continued to teach, ami 

 lectured on the Chinese buigORgfi and literature. 

 In 1827, he returned to Italy, find died in 182$). 

 His dictionary and a part of his Chinese library had 

 been previously purchased by Leo XII., for tlio 

 instruction of the missionaries in the Vatican. IN; 

 was also the author of several compilations, &c. , for 

 the study of Italian, and edited the Poesie inedite of 

 Lorenzo de' Medici, published at the expense of 

 Roscoe (Liverpool, 1790.) 



MONTUCLA, JOHN STEPHEN ; an eminent French 

 mathematician, born at Lyons, in 1725 V studied in 

 the college of the Jesuits, and completed his educa- 

 tion at Toulouse, with a view to the legal profession. 

 We then engaged in practice as a counsellor, but 

 afterwards devoted himself to the cultivation of 

 mathematical science. He published a treatise on 

 the quadrature of the circle ; and in 1758, appeared 

 his Histoire des Mathematiqnes (2 vols., 4to) a 

 work of great research and ability. He was ap- 

 pointed secretary to the intendant of Grenoble, and 

 subsequently went to Cayenne, with the title of royal 

 astronomer. The latter part of his life was devoted 

 to the augmentation of his history, of which a new 

 edition was published at Paris, in 4 volumes, 

 4to, in 1799; reprinted in 1810. Montucla also 

 published an enlarged edition of the Recreations Mu- 

 thimatiquts et Physiques of Ozanam, an English 

 translation of which, by doctor Charles Hutton, ap- 

 peared in 1803 (4 vols., 8vo). His death took place 

 in 1799. 



MONUMENT, in its widest sense, includes every 

 thing by which the memory of a person, period, or 

 event is perpetuated. Monuments of antiquity 

 include writings as well as the productions of the 

 fine and useful arts ; for Homer's poems are equally 

 a monument of his time, as the Pantheon or the 

 domestic utensils found amongst the ruins of Pompeii. 

 These monuments are of the greatest interest, leading 

 us back into former ages, and presenting the manners, 

 customs, and institutions of the people. Some are 

 valuable only in their character of memorials, that 

 is, as preserving the memory of certain persons or 

 events ; others nave an intrinsic value as works of 

 the fine arts. (See Antiquity, Antique, &c.) The 

 productions of sculpture and architecture, intended to 

 transmit to posterity the memory of remarkable indi- 

 viduals or events, are most generally understood by 

 the term monuments of antiquity. Such as oniamer.!, 

 public places, gardens, &c., are chiefly in commemo- 

 ration of great events. Among the monuments in 

 honour of individuals are tombs and sepulchral edifices 

 or columns. In all ages, and with every nation, we 

 find this description of monument, from the first rude 

 attempts of art to its greatest perfection. The most 

 ancient known to us are the obelisks and pyramids 

 of Egypt, and, perhaps, contemporary with these, the 

 tombs of the Persian kings, which are still beheld 

 with admiration in the ruins of Persepolis. These 

 monuments command our awe by their grandeur and 

 simplicity, in which they are, perhaps, superior to 

 similar works of Grecian art, though the latter excel 

 them in beauty. Hardly any country dft'ered so great 

 a number of monuments as Greece, where they were 

 erected in honour of the victors in battle, and in the 

 solemn games, and of other distinguished men, but 

 were often also thrown away on the undeserving. 

 The warrior had statues and trophies ; the victor in 

 the games had statues and pillars. On the isthmus 

 of Corinth, near the temple of Neptune, were statues 

 of the victors in the Isthmian games ; in the holy 



