90 



MUNICIPIA MUNSTER. 



scientific establishments are numerous, among which 

 are the central library, said to contain 400,0(0 

 volumes (20,000 of them incunabula}, and 9OOO 

 inantiscripts ; the royal cabinet of medals, contain- 

 ing 10,000 Greek and Roman coins ; the museum of 

 antiquities, said to be the most complete in Ger- 

 many; the academy of sciences, erected in 1759, 

 having an extensive collection of specimens of 

 natural history, models, and instruments ; the mili- 

 tary academy, lyceum, gymnasium; the veterinary 

 and surgical schools, observatory, cabinet of medals, 

 gallery of pictures, and botanic garden. In 1827, 

 the university of Landshut was transferred to Munich; 

 it has an agricultural chair, a botanical garden, ana- 

 tomical and chemical institutes, ami, in 1829, had 

 1800 students. The environs of the city are 

 pleasant, being enlivened by gardens and various 

 places of public resort. The Iser is not navigable ; 

 and Munich is not distinguished for trade or manu- 

 factures. The city has been much embellished and 

 enlarged within the last fifteen years, particularly by 

 the taste of the present king. Among the recent 

 erections are the Odeon (principal hall, 130 feet 

 long, 75 broad); the New Palace (680 feet long, 150 

 Ugh), in front of which is a bronze statue of the late 

 king ; the Finakotheca, or new edifice intended for 

 the reception of the picture gallery, the Boisseree 

 collection, the works of art, which were purchased 

 by the king in Italy, &c., in nine halls and twenty- 

 three cabinets; the Glyptotheca (q. v.); All Saints' 

 cliapel, painted in fresco, by Hess, &c. Munich was 

 founded in 962, by Henry, duke of Saxony and 

 Bavaria, on an estate belonging to the monks of 

 Scheflelar, whence its name (Miinchen, from the 

 German Miinchen, monks). The emperor Louis 

 the Bavarian conferred on the city its privileges in 

 1315, and in 1392, it became the residence of the 

 younger Bavarian line, which survived the others, 

 and thus rendered Munich the capital of Bavaria. 

 It was captured by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632, by 

 the Austrians after the battle of Blenheim (1704), 

 and again in 1741. (See Bavaria.) The French 

 entered it in 1800. 



MUNICIPIA were those towns in the Roman 

 empire which elected their own magistrates (duum- 

 viri, collegium decurionum), and were governed 

 either according to the Roman law, or their own 

 laws. In the first case, they possessed the right of 

 Roman citizenship in its widest extent (municipia 

 cum sttffragio); in the latter case, they could only 

 attain to military offices of honour. 



MUNNICH, BURKHARD CHRISTOPHER, count of, 

 born in the duchy of Oldenburg, 1083, where his 

 father was a privy counsellor, received a careful 

 education, then travelled to France,' and, in 1701, 

 became a captain in the Darmstadt troops. In 

 1705, he entered the service of Cassel, in which he 

 attained the rank of colonel, after his liberation from 

 captivity (he had been taken by the French in the 

 battle of Denain). In 1716, he entered as colonel 

 into the Polish-Saxon service, and in 1717, became, 

 major-general. Driven thence by the intrigues of 

 the field-marshal general count Flemming, he entered 

 the Swedish, and after the death of Charles XII. in 

 1720, the Russian service. May 22,Peter the Great 

 made him lieutenantrgeneral. Catharine I. con- 

 ferred on him the order of Alexander. Peter II. 

 made him, in 1727, general-in-chief, and in 1728, 

 gave him the title of count. In 1731, he became, 

 under Anna, field-marshai-general, and president of 

 the imperial military college. As such, he new- 

 modelled the Russian army. In 1734, he besieged 

 and took Dantzic ; was, on his return, sent to Warsaw 

 to quiet the troubles which had broken out among 

 the Poles, and, in 1735, made a campni<>;ii against 



the Turks. In this war, he laid waste the Crimea 

 in 173(>, conquered Otchakow in 1737, crossed the 

 Dniester at Sinkowza, defeated the Turks at Stewut- 

 schan, took the fortress of Choczim, and occupied 

 Moldavia. His further progress was stopped by 

 the peace concluded between the German emperor 

 and the Turks, which was followed by a peace 

 between Russia and Turkey, September 18, 1739, 

 at Belgrade. When Anna was on her death-bed, he 

 induced her to appoint Ernest John, duke of Cour- 

 land, regent of the Russian empire, and guardian >( 

 her successor, Ivan, during his minority, because he 

 hoped in this way to become himself the virtual 

 sovereign, while the duke was merely a nominal 

 ruler. But being disappointed, he efiected the 

 downfall and imprisonment of the duke ; after which 

 the princess Anna, mother of Ivan, became the 

 nominal regent. Munnich, not being able to become 

 generalissimo, now had himself declared prime- 

 minister, and, as siich, effected a defensive alliance 

 with Prussia. But the regent having formed a con- 

 nexion with the courts of Vienna and Dresden, 

 Munnich conceived himself injured, and demanded 

 his dismission, in May, 1741. Having obtained it, 

 he was on the point of going to Konigsberg, when 

 he was arrested by the order of the princess Elizabeth 

 (who, in December, 1741, had obtained forcible 

 possession of the throne), and was condemned to 

 death : but the sentence was commuted into the 

 confiscation of his estates, and banishment to Pelim, 

 in Siberia, where he remained till Peter III. recalled 

 him, in 1762, and restored him to his former digni- 

 ties. He died in 1767, aged eighty-four. He wrote 

 Ebauche pour donner une Idee de la Forme du 

 (Joiivernement de /' Empire de Russie (Copenhagen, 

 1774). 



MUNOZ, JOHN BAPTIST, a Spanish historian, was 

 born in 1745, at Museros, a village near Valencia, 

 and studied in the university of Madrid. At the age 

 of twenty-two, he wrote prefaces to the rhetoric of 

 Louis of Grenada, and the logic of Vernei, both 

 which displayed great erudition. He was appointed 

 cosmographer of the Indies, in which situation, by 

 order of the king, he began a history of America, of 

 which he lived to publish only one volume, under the 

 title of Historia del Nuevo Mondo. His other works, 

 by which he acquired great reputation, are De Scrip- 

 torum gentilium Lectione et profanarum Discipli- 

 narutn Sludiis ad Christiana Pietatis Normam exi- 

 gendis (Valencia, 1768); De recto Philosophies 

 recentis in Theologia Usu Dissertatio (ibid. 1767); 

 Institutiones philosophies (ibid. 1768); a Treatise on 

 the Philosophy of Aristotle, &c. He died in 1 799. 



MUNSTER; the south-west province of Ireland, 

 comprising the six counties of Waterford, Tipperary. 

 Cork, Kerry, Limerick, and Clare, which see. See 

 also Ireland. 



MUNSTER ; capital of the Prussian province 

 Westphalia, see of a Catholic bishop, with a popula- 

 tion of 20,837 inhabitants; lat. 51 58' N.; Ion. 7 

 36' E. The fortifications are, now converted into 

 walks. Besides the cathedral, which contains nu- 

 merous monuments of art, and the handsome church 

 of St Lambert, on the tower of which are still 

 seen the three iron cages, in which were suspend* d 

 the remains of John of Leyden, KnipperdolHng, and 

 Krechting (15^6), there are nine other churches, an 

 episcopal palace, several hospitals and learned in- 

 stitutions. The Catholic university here was sup- 

 pressed by the king in 1818, and its funds appropriated 

 to the seminary for Catholic theologians (founded in 

 1824). to the gymnasium in Munster and Paderborn, 

 and the seminary for Catholic priests. The gymna- 

 sium has a library of 25,000 volumes. Minister was 

 anciently called Mnilend, afterwards Meming erode, 



