118 



MUST MUTUAL INSTRUCTION. 



was appointed (1719) professor of philosophy and 

 mathematics, and extraordinary professor of medicine 

 at Duisburg, and soon acquired such a reputation 

 that he was called (1723) to fill the philosophical and 

 mathematical cliair at Utrecht, and, in 1740, was 

 invited to Leyden, to occupy the place left vacant 

 by the death of Wittichius. He died there in 1761. 

 His principal works are Etementa Physica; Tenta- 

 tnina Ejrperimentarum (1731) ; Institutiones Physicee 

 ( 1 748) ; Compendium Physicte Experimentalis (1762). 

 Musschenbroek rendered important services to 

 science. His experiments and his calculations 

 prove his sagacity and accuracy. He invented the 

 pyrometer, which has since been improved by 

 Lambert. 



MUST ; the juice of the grape, which by fermen- 

 tation is converted into wine. In the wine countries 

 this unfermented sweet must is distinguished from 

 the sour must, or unripe wine, of a year old. Fresh 

 must contains a good deal of sugar and mucilage, 

 which last disposes it to fermentation. It can be 

 kept in close vessels, after the mucilage has been 

 precipitated. 



M UST A RD (sinapis nigra) is a native of Europe, 

 and is very commonly cultivated for the sake of the 

 seeds, which, when powdered and mixed with vine- 

 gar, form a well known pungent condiment in daily 

 use. The root is annual ; the stem three or four 

 feet high ; the lower leaves are lyrate, and the 

 upper ones lanceolate and entire ; the flowers are 

 small and yellow. It belongs to the natural family 

 crucifera;,and is known by the smooth, four-cornered 

 pods, which are pressed close to the stem. Table 

 mustard, mixed with warm water, and taken in 

 considerable quantities, acts as an emetic, and, as 

 such, is so much the more valuable from its being 

 always at hand. The white mustard (S. alba) is 

 milder than the preceding, and, on this account, is 

 more agreeable to some palates. 



MUSTER, in a military sense ; a review of troops 

 under arms, to see if they be complete and in good 

 order ; to take an account of their numbers, the con- 

 dition they are in, viewing their arms and accoutre- 

 iii cnts &c 



MUSTER ROLL ; a list of the officers and men 

 in every regiment, troop, or company, which is 

 delivered to the inspecting field officer, muster-mas- 

 ter, regimental or district paymaster (as the case 

 may be), whereby their condition is known. 



MUTINY, on board of a merchant vessel, was not 

 formerly punishable by death, in Britain ; but now, 

 by statute 11 and 12 William III., c. 7, sec. 9, made 

 perpetual by 6 George I., c. 19, it is enacted, that 

 any seaman or mariner, who shall, in any place 

 where the admiral has jurisdiction, lay violent hands 

 on his commander, whereby to hinder him from fight- 

 ing in defence of the ship and goods committed to 

 his charge, or shall confine his master, or make or 

 endeavour to make a revolt in the ship, shall suffer 

 pains of death, loss of lands, goods, and chattels, as 

 pirates, felons, and robbers upon the seas have suf- 

 fered and ought to suffer. Similar offences, such as 

 the running away with the ship, or any barge, boat, 

 ordnance, ammunition, goods, or merchandises, the 

 yielding of them up voluntarily to pirates, the bring- 

 ing of seducing messages from pirates, enemies, or 

 rebels, the confederating with, or attempting to cor- 

 rupt, any commander or mariner to yield up or run 

 away with the ship, &c , the turning pirate, or going 

 over to pirates, are, by the same acts, punishable in 

 the same way. By other statutes, the wilful destruc- 

 tion, casting away, or burning of any ship, with 

 intent to injure the owner, is punishable with death. 

 In rase of mutiny, the master is justified in using 

 means sufficient to repress it ; and if the death of 



any of the mutineers ensue, the master is justified, 

 provided the force which he uses be fairly required 

 by tl>e exigency of the occasion ; and the master's 

 conduct is not to be scanned too nicely, as it must be 

 borne in mind, that he is generally far removed from 

 all assistance, and that his own safety and that of 

 the ship and cargo chiefly depend upon the due 

 maintenance of his authority. Mutiny in the roya. 

 navy is punishable under the provisions of the statute 

 22 George II., c. 33, which contains the rules or 

 articles of the navy. Among the numerous offences 

 enumerated in that statute, those which partake of 

 the character of mutiny are as follows : the running 

 away with the ship, or any ordnance, ammunition, or 

 stores belonging thereto, the making or endeavouring 

 to make any mutinous assembly, the uttering of any 

 words of sedition or mutiny, the concealing of any 

 traitorous or mutinous design, the striking of a 

 superior officer, or drawing or offering to draw or 

 lift up any weapon against him, being in the execu- 

 tion of his duty, on any pretence whatsoever, the pre- 

 suming to quarrel with a superior officer, being in 

 the execution of his office, or the disobeying of any 

 lawful command of a superior officer. All the above 

 offences are punishable with death. With regard to 

 some, and those the least heinous of them, the court 

 martial has a discretionary power of awarding a less 

 punishment. The behaving with contempt towards 

 a superior officer, being in the execution of his office, 

 the concealing of traitorous or mutinous words spoken 

 by any, to the prejudice of his majesty or government, 

 or the concealing of any words, practice, or design, 

 tending to the hinderance of the service, and not 

 revealing the same to the commanding officer, and 

 the endeavouring to make a disturbance on account 

 of the unwholesomeness of the victuals, or on any 

 other ground, are punishable with such punishment 

 as a court-martial shall think fit to award. Mutiny 

 in the army is punishable under the mutiny act. By 

 this act the king is empowered to make articles 

 of war; i. e., rules or orders for the better govern- 

 ment of the army. The mutiny act provides that no 

 offence shall be made punishable with death, except 

 those which are specified therein. These are, mutiny 

 and sedition ; not endeavouring to suppress the same ; 

 not giving information of the same to the command- 

 ing officer ; misbehaviour before the enemy ; shame- 

 fully abandoning or giving up a post; compelling 

 the commanding officer so to do ; leaving one's post 

 before relieved ; being found sleeping on one's post; 

 holding correspondence with any rebel or enemy ; 

 entering into terms with the same, without the 

 license of his majesty or of the commanding officer ; 

 striking or using violence towards a superior officer, 

 being in the execution of his duty ; disobeying any 

 lawful command of a superior officer ; and deserting. 

 The laws of the United States of America, for the 

 punishment of mutiny in the army and navy, and on 

 board merchant ships, are very similar to those of 

 Britain. 



MUTIS, JOSEPH CELESTINO, a celebrated bota- 

 nist, born at Cadiz, in 1732, was assistant professor 

 of anatomy at Madrid, and made botany the parti- 

 cular object of his attention. Having accompanied 

 the viceroy don Pedro Mesia de la Cerda to New 

 Grenada, in the capacity of his physician, Mutis 

 enriched his favourite science with the description 

 of unknown plants m that region. We are indebted 

 to him for the first accurate accounts of various sorts 

 of cinchona, on which he published a treatise. He 

 died in 1808. His Flora of Bogota, left unfinished 

 at the time of his death, was completed by his 

 nephew. 



MUTUAL INSTRUCTION is the name given to 

 that arrangement of schools by which the more able 



