NAPLES AND SICILY NARBONENSIS. 



133 



which it was to remain in the kingdom. On the 9th, 

 the ministers of the three great powers announced to 

 the regent that an Austrian army was approaching 

 the borders, to take possession of the kingdom, either 

 peaceably, or by force ; and that, should it be 

 driven back, a Russian army was ready to support 

 it. William Pepe now summoned to arms all the 

 volunteers and militia, under their ancient names, 

 legions of the Bruttii, Samnites, &c., and reported 

 that he had assembled a body of 150,000 men, badly 

 clothed, indeed, and worse armed. Meanwhile, 

 baron Frimont (q. v.), at the head of an Austrian 

 army, had passed the Po, Feb. 5, and advanced from 

 Bologna, on the two principal roads, on the right 

 through Tuscany and the States of the Church, and 

 on the left through the legations and the Marks, 

 towards Abruzzo. A small Austrian squadron, under 

 the command of the marquis of Paulucci, lay, pre- 

 pared to sail, in the harbour of Ancona. A pro- 

 clamation from king Ferdinand, at Laybach, Feb. 

 23. announced to the army that he should return to 

 his kingdom, and commanded his subjects and troops 

 to assist the Austrian army, which was advancing to 

 Naples for the protection of the true friends of their 

 country and the faithful subjects of the king. He 

 afterwards proceeded to Florence. The frontiers of 

 Naples were guarded with care : from Gaeta to the 

 Apennines, was protected by Carascosa, who was 

 stationed, with the best troops, on the road from 

 Rome to Naples by San Germano, which was made 

 impassable. William Pepe defended Abruzzo, which 

 was guarded by rocks, defiles, and mountain streams. 

 The head-quarters were at Aquila. From hence, 

 Pepe, in order to anticipate the attack of the Aus- 

 trians, sallied forth, Feb. 21, into the Roman territory, 

 occupied Rieti, and pressed forward, even to Terni; 

 but a body of 2500 Austrian cavalry from Viterbo 

 having arrived at the bridge of Otricoli before him, 

 he left Terni, and his position at Rieti, without firing 

 a shot. Frimont, hereupon, on the 24th, fixed his 

 head-quarters at Foligno. Hence the Austrians 

 spread the royal proclamation of the 23d, and Frimont, 

 at the same time, issued one of his own, declaring to 

 the Neapolitans that he came as a friend, and would 

 exact contributions from no place excepting those 

 where the will of the king was opposed. This dis- 

 solved the slight band of connexion among the militia, 

 already discouraged by want of ammunition, food, and 

 clothing, and entire battalions now dispersed. General 

 Pepe, March 7, with 10,000 men, attacked the van- 

 guard of the Austrian army, but was defeated; where- 

 upon his troops fled in disorder to the mountains; so 

 that, at ten o'clock in the evening of this day, the 

 Austrians entered Civitk Ducale, together with the 

 fugitives. On the same day, a body of 3000 men, 

 advancing from Leonessa, was put to flight near 

 Lugo. These two battles on the 7th, the first and 

 last of the campaign, cost the Austrians hardly sixty 

 men, and decided the revolution. As the Austrians 

 continued the pursuit on the 9th, the Neapolitans 

 evacuated Velino, and the strong castle of Antro- 

 docco, the important pass at Madonna della Grotte, 

 and that at St Thomas, so that the Austrians, on 

 the evening of the 10th, occupied Aquila. Thus the 

 war ended, without the army under Carascosa, on 

 the Garigliano, having made a movement. General 

 Pepe could not rally the scattered forces, and he 

 hastened to Naples. The Austrians marched from 

 A bruzzo to surround the right wjng of the army on 

 the Garigliano. Carascosa immediately left the 

 stations of Itri, Frondi, and San Germano. The 

 militia now began to disperse in this quarter also, 

 M> that the regent, who was in Capua, returned to. 

 Naples, where fear and confusion prevailed, in con- 

 sequence of the news received from Abruzzo. All 



measures for the continuation of the contest were 

 baffled by the rapid advance of the Austrians. At 

 length, parliament, March 12, besought the regent 

 to act as mediator between the nation and the king. 

 The king, however, professed himself unable to give 

 any promises concerning the future, or to stop the 

 march of the Austrians. On the farther advance of 

 the Austrians, Carascosa's army dispersed. The 

 militia returned home, and the soldiers of the line 

 joined the Austrian troops. The royal guard alone 

 remained with general Carascosa, an'd occupied 

 Capua, tearing off the national cockade, and return- 

 ing to their allegiance. Thereupon the truce re- 

 quested by Carascosa was signed, March 20, and 

 Capua, as well as the remaining places, were taken 

 possession of by the Austrians, in the name of the 

 king of Sicily. The Carbonari now meditated a 

 mountain and guerilla warfare, when the capitulation 

 of Naples, including the strongholds of Gaeta and 

 Pescara, concluded the 23d, extinguished the last 

 spark of the revolutionary fire. The great lodge of 

 the Carbonari was dissolved. William Pepe, and 

 the remaining leaders of the insurrection, received 

 permission to leave the country. The parliament 

 separated the 24th, and, a few hours after, the Aus- 

 trian army marched into the capital. The regent, 

 with his family, went to Caserta. The king solemnly 

 entered Naples, May 15. He had already, while at 

 Florence, appointed a provisional government, which 

 now abolished the revolutionary institutions, restored 

 the old forms, dissolved the Neapolitan army, and 

 prosecuted the authors of the insurrection. Divisions 

 of the Austrian army, which occupied Sicily in the 

 beginning of June, first restored quiet in 1822, in the 

 provinces (where Morelli, Lorenzo de' Conciliis, and 

 Minichini wished to excite a guerilla war), after the 

 people of both kingdoms had been disarmed. Gene- 

 ral Joseph Rossarol excited new commotions in 

 Sicily, by proclaiming a republic at Messina ; but 

 his plan to do the same in Calabria failed. The 

 troops which he had instigated to revolt submitted 

 to the king, and nothing remained for him but flight 

 into Spain. Thus ended the revolution. For further 

 information, see Sicilies, Kingdom of the Two. 



NAPLES YELLOW, a dye, is prepared by expos- 

 ing lead and antimony with potash to the heat of a 

 reverberatory furnace. It stands tolerably well, but 

 turns black upon the contact of iron. A native 

 pigment of this kind is also obtained from a species 



NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. See Bonaparte. 



NAPOLI DI MALVASIA. See Monembasia. 



NAPOLI DI ROMANIA, or NAUPLIA; a city 

 and port of the Morea, on the eastern coast of a 

 small peninsula, on the gulf of Nauplia or Argolis. 

 The harbour is capable of accommodating 600 ships. 

 Population, before the revolution, 10,000; at present, 

 about 5000. The Venetians fortified the place sc 

 strongly, on Vauban's system, that it can only be 

 reduced by famine. Among the outworks are Pala- 

 midi, or Upper fort, which commands the lower town, 

 and Albanitika, or Lower fort, in which are the chief 

 batteries towards the gulf. The only approach by 

 land is a road enclosed by the sea ami by rocks, and 

 which is swept by the batteries of Palamidi, and the 

 walls and bastions of the lower town. It was taken 

 possession of by the Turks in 1715. During the 

 Greek revolution, it was first reduced by the Greeks 

 (1823), and, in April, the first regular Greek con- 

 gress was held there, and, in 1824, it became the 

 seat of the government. Ibrahim advanced towards 

 Napoli in 1825, but, being repulsed in the battle of 

 the mills, abandoned the intended attack. See 

 Greece, Revolution of. ' 



NARBONENSIS. See Gaul. 



