150 



NAUMBURG NAVIGATION. 



composed two operas. In 1769, lie returned to 

 Dresden, in order to compose the great opera La 

 Clemenza di Tito, for the marriage of the elector. 

 In 1772, he made a third journey to Italy, where he 

 composed, within thirteen months, five operas, after 

 which Uie elector appointed him his chapel-master. 

 He composed, for the theatre of Stockholm, his 

 Amphion, Cora, and Gustavus f'asa, and, for the 

 Danish court, his Orpheus. Among his best operas 

 are Tutto per Amore, and La Dama Soldato. In 

 later years, church-music became his favourite oc- 

 cupation, though he brought out his Ads and Gala- 

 tea, as late as 1801. He died Oct. 23 of that year, 

 from an apoplectic stroke. He left a number of 

 sacred compositions, as the Lord's Prayer, several 

 psalms, oratorios, vespers, &c. Naumann was also 

 a great performer on the harmonica, for which he 

 composed six sonatas. 



NAUMBURG, on the Saale ; an old city, with 

 about 10,000 inhabitants, pleasantly situated near 

 the confluence of the Unstrut with the Saale, in the 

 Prussian duchy of Saxony, government of Merseburg. 

 The cathedral was built in 1028, and deserves to be 

 examined. It was formerly the see of a Catholic 

 bishop ; but, on the death of the last bishop, the 

 spiritual jurisdiction was assumed by the elector of 

 Saxony (1564). The wine of the environs is ex- 

 ported. The Schulpforte is in the vicinity. 



NAUPACTUS. See Lepanto. 



NAUPLIA, or NAUPLION. See NapoK di 

 Romania. 



NAVARINO (Neocastro); a fortified town, on the 

 south-west coast of the Morea, north of Modon, with 

 a harbour capable of accommodating 1000 ships, but 

 with a narrow entrance, which admits only two ships 

 abreast. The island of Sphacteria (Sphagia) lies 

 before it. The water is deep enough for the largest 

 men-of-war, and affords a perfectly safe anchorage. 

 The fortifications consisted of four bastions and a 

 citadel, on a high rock. The Venetians, who occu- 

 pied this city a long time, erected the fortifications, 

 and maintained possession of it against the Turks, 

 until 1715. In 1821, it was captured by Tipaldo, a 

 Cephalonian. In 1825, it was taken by Ibrahim 

 Pacha. October 20, 1827, the combined Russian, 

 French, and British fleet, under the command of 

 admiral Codrington (the French admiral was De 

 Rigny ; the Russian, Von Hey den), destroyed the 

 Turco-Egyptian fleet of 214 vessels, drawn up in the 

 harbour of Navarino, in less than three hours. (See 

 Greece, Revolution of.) In 1829, the powder maga- 

 zine in the citadel was struck by lightning, and a 

 great part of the French garrison perished in the 

 explosion. Old Navarino, to the north-west of the 

 harbour, is the site of the ancient Pylos, the resi- 

 dence of Nestor. During the Peloponuesian war 

 (425 B. C.), the Athenian fleet destroyed a superior 

 Spartan naval force in this harbour. 



NAVARRE (Navarra); a province of Spain, with 

 the title of kingdom, separated from France by the 

 Pyrenees, having the kingdom of Arragon on the 

 south. The kingdom was formed on the dissolution 

 of the empire of Charlemagne, and consisted of Up- 

 per Navarre to the south, and Lower Navarre, to the 

 north, of the Pyrenees. In 1512, Ferdinand of Ar- 

 ragon united the former to the Spanish crown, and 

 the latter only remained in possession of the kings of 

 Navarre. When Henry IV. (q. v.), son of Antony 

 of Bourbon, and the heiress of Navarre, ascended 

 the throne of France, this kingdom was annexed to 

 the French monarchy, the sovereigns of which as- 

 sumed the title Of " kings of France and Navarre," 

 which (with the exception of Napoleon) they con- 

 tinued to bear until the recent revolution. (See 

 France.) Upper Navarre now forms the Spanish 



kingdom of Navarre, with 271,285 inhabitants, who 

 mostly speak the Basque language ; square miles, 

 2340; chief town, Pampeluna, with 14,000 inhabi- 

 tants. Lower Navarre, previous to the French 

 revolution of 1789, formed part of the province of 

 Beam, and, at present, is included in the depart- 

 ment of the Lower Pyrenees. The inhabitants also 

 speak the Basque language. See Basques. 



NAVE (Middle Latin, navis ; French, nef), in 

 Gothic architecture ; the part of the cross (in the 

 form of which cathedrals are built) situated towards 

 the west. See Architecture. 



Nave of a Wheel. See Hub. 



NAVIGATION ; whatever relates to traversing 

 the sea in ships ; the art of ascertaining the geo- 

 graphical position of a ship, and directing her 

 course. 



Horace has well said, that his heart must needs 

 have been bound with oak and triple brass, who first 

 committed his frail bark to the tempestuous sea. 

 Nothing, indeed, conveys a higher idea of human 

 daring than the boldness with which man rushes 

 forth to encounter the elements : nothing speaks 

 louder in praise of human ingenuity than that won- 

 derful art by which he is enabled to forsake the 

 land, stretching forth until it fades from the horizon, 

 and nothing visible remains but the hollow heavens 

 above, and a trackless waste below ; driven from his 

 course by adverse winds, yet, by dint of persever- 

 ance, wearying out the elements ; and, at length, 

 arriving, with unerring certainty, at the haven where 

 he would be. And if the daring and ingenuity of 

 the navigator deserve our admiration, the result of 

 his efforts will not appear unworthy of the means. 

 It is to the exercise of his wonderful art, that we are 

 indebted for the improvement of our condition, which 

 arises from the exchange of the superfluity of one 

 country for that of another, the whole world being 

 penetrated, and every clime made tributary to every 

 other, until the whole globe is reduced to one com- 

 mon country. Above all, to navigation are we 

 indebted for that higher and nobler advantage, the 

 interchange of sense and sentiment, which makes 

 wisdom common to the world, and urges man on- 

 ward to perfection. Yet it has not always been so. 

 Time was when the canoe, or the raft, constituted the 

 only ship of the sailor, and when the narrow pre- 

 cincts of a lake or river set bounds to his roving dis- 

 position, and confined him within view of familiar 

 objects. Advancing a step farther, we find him 

 venturing from headland to headland, or from island 

 to island, with a view of gratifying his curiosity, or 

 bettering his condition, until a gale, driving him to 

 some unknown coast, increases at once his know- 

 ledge and hardihood. Meantime, his bark adapts 

 itself to nobler functions, enlarges its size, and im- 

 proves in form': the rudder is added, the mast is 

 better sustained, and the sail receives a more favour- 

 able application. And thus the art by which the 

 ship is made, and that by which it is conducted, ad- 

 vance with equal steps. Deprived of the aid of sur- 

 rounding objects, the land withdrawn from view, and 

 nothing within the verge of the horizon but a waste 

 of trackless water, the mariner casts his eyes in de- 

 spair to the overhanging heavens. Aid is granted 

 to his prayers: the constellations assist him in his 

 course : among many revolving stars, he finds one 

 steadfast, and makes it his perpetual guide. Such 

 do we find the actual state of navigation among the 

 savage tribes of our own day ; and such was also the 

 progress of the art among the earliest nations that 

 improved it. Not the least of the improvements 

 which we have made in this art, is that simplification 

 in practice, by which it is rendered available with 

 little study and capacity. 



