194 



NEW NBWCASTLE-UPON-TYNB. 



15,750 inhabitants ; 500 white, 250 free people of 

 colour, and 15,000 slaves. It contains one town, 

 Charlestown, which is fortified. 



NEW. For names beginning with this adjective 

 not given here, see the articles under the name which 

 follow it. Thus, for New Britain, New Castile, New 

 Caledonia, New Grenada, New Holland, &c., see 

 Britain, New; Castile, New, &c. 



NEW ALBION. See Albion, also California, 

 New and Old. 



NEW AMSTERDAM. See New York. 



NEW ARCHANGEL, or SITKA ; a port and 

 town on the island of Baranov, in King George the 

 Third's Archipelago, on the north-west coast of North 

 America ; lat. 57 30' N. ; chief place of the Rus- 

 sian settlements there. From this place an inter- 

 course is kept up with China and the Marquesas. 

 The commerce is a monopoly in the hands of the 

 Russian North American company, the directors of 

 which are in Petersburg. See Russia. 



NEWARK ; a posUown and capital of Essex 

 county, New Jersey, nine miles west of New York 

 city; population, in 1820, 6507; in 1830, 10,953. 

 It is finely situated on the west side of Passaic river, 

 six or seven miles, by the course of the river, above 

 its mouth, and only two or three in a direct line. It 

 is handsomely built : many of the houses are elegant, 

 and it is one of the most beautiful towns in the 

 United States. It contains a court-house, a jail, two 

 banks, an academy, and five houses of public wor- 

 ship, two for Presbyterians, arid for Episcopalians, 

 Baptists, and Methodists, one each. It has extensive 

 manufactures of shoes, leather, coaches, fancy chairs, 

 and cabinet work. The Passaic is navigable to this 

 town for sloops of 80 tons. The cider, so well 

 known by the name of Newark cider, is chiefly made 

 in the township of Orange, on the west side of New- 

 ark. Morris canal passes through Newark. 



NEW BRUNSWICK ; a British province of North 

 America, bounded north by Lower Canada and Cha- 

 leur bay, east by the gulf of St Lawrence, south by 

 Nova Scotia and the bay of Fundy, and west by 

 Maine. It is divided into 8 counties and 59 parishes. 

 The population, in 1824, was 73,626. We have not 

 been able to obtain an authentic account of the pre- 

 sent statistics of this province, and must give only 

 an imperfect description of it. The bay of Fundy, 

 on the south, nearly divides New Brunswick from 

 Nova Scotia. Passamaquoddy bay forms its south- 

 western boundary, the bay of Chaleur its north- 

 western, and the bay of Miramichi indents it on the 

 east. The principal river is the St John's, which is 

 navigable for boats to the Great falls, near the border 

 of Maine, and a further distance of 200 miles above 

 the falls. The other chief rivers are the St Croix, 

 which forms a part of the western boundary, and the 

 Miramichi, which is a considerable river flowing into 

 Miramichi bay. The country is neither mountainous 

 nor level. On the borders of the rivers, and in the 

 interior of the country, there are forests of excellent 

 timber. Great quantities of lumber, and especially 

 of pine timber for ships, are carried down the Mira- 

 michi. Much of the land is good for tillage ; but 

 only a small portion of it is well cultivated. Lum- 

 ber and fish are the principal articles of export ; and 

 the trade is mostly with Great Britain and the West 

 Indies. The capital of the province is Frederickton. 

 It stands on St John's river, and had, in 1824, with 

 the parish of Frederickton, 1849 inhabitants. There 

 is a college here ; and some common schools are pa- 

 tronised By the colonial government. St John's city, 

 at the mouth of the river of the same name, had, in 

 1824, a population of 8488. It is a flourishing city, 

 aud has an extensive and profitable trade. The tides 

 in its harbour, and in other parts of the bay of Fundy 



ften rise to the height of thirty or forty feet. The 

 other principal towns are St Andrew's, at the mouth 

 of St Croix river, and Miramichi, on the bay of the 

 same name. The chief executive officer of New 

 Brunswick, entitled lieutenant-governor, and the 

 members of the council, twelve in number, and the 

 judges, are appointed by the king. The members of 

 ihe house of assembly, twenty'six in number, are 

 elected by the people. 



NEWBURY ; a town in Berkshire, England, fifty- 

 one miles east of Bath, and fifty-six west or London, 

 [tis situated on the Kennet, which is made navigable 

 to Reading, and joins the Thames. Near this town 

 were two obstinate battles fought, between the royal- 

 ists and the forces of the parliament, king Charles 

 being present at both of them ; the first September 

 20, 1643, and the other October 27, 1644. Popula 

 tion, in 1831, 5977. 



NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYNE, a borough-town 

 in Staffordshire, situated on a branch of the river 

 Trent, 150 miles from London. The town is well 

 built, particularly the principal street, which is spa- 

 cious and well paved, and it has an excellent market- 

 place in the centre ; it formerly had four churches, 

 only one of which now remains, the others having 

 suffered considerably during the barons' wars, were 

 never afterwards rebuilt. The clothing trade and a 

 manufactory of hats constitute the chief employment 

 of the inhabitants, and are the principal sources of 

 their wealth, independent of the coal-trade carried on 

 in this district, which is very extensive, and a great 

 quantity of stoneware is said to be made in the vici- 

 nity. Population in 1831, 8192. 



NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, an important trad- 

 ing town in the county of Northumberland, is situated 

 on the north bank of the river Tyne, about nine miles 

 from its confluence with the German ocean. It is 

 distant from London 273 miles; from Edinburgh 123; 

 from Glasgow 158; and from Carlisle 57. The place 

 upon which it stands formed the eastern termination 

 of the rampart erected by order of the emperor 

 Adrian, A.D. 120, to defend the Roman province 

 from the incursions of the Caledonians ; and the town 

 is supposed to have originated from a bridge over the 

 river, built by the same emperor, and called from his 

 family name Pons JE\ii. Roman coins and other an- 

 tiquities have been discovered here at different peri- 

 ods. When the Anglo-Saxons had expelled the Bri- 

 tons from this part of the country, they founded here 

 the kingdom of Bernicia, and on their conversion to 

 Christianity, this place was called Moncaster or Monk- 

 chester, from its being the residence of monks, who 

 at length deserted it in consequence of the incursions 

 of the Danes. It subsequently fell into the posses- 

 sion of the Scots, but on the conquest of England by 

 William duke of Normandy, it was recovered, and a 

 castle being erected here by Robert, the eldest son of 

 William I., the name of the place was changed to its 

 present designation. The town appears to have been 

 encompassed with a wall as early as the reign of John, 

 who granted a charter to the inhabitants ; but the 

 oldest charter extant is said to be that of Henry III., 

 who, in 1239, bestowed on the townsmen the right of 

 digging in the vicinity for coal and stone. In the 

 reign of Edward I., Newcastle was taken and burneil 

 by the Scots, and one of the burgesses was made a 

 prisoner, who, being a rich man, paid his ransom, 

 and on his return home commenced rebuilding the 

 fortifications, to the expense of which he largely con- 

 tributed, and they were completed by the inhabitants 

 in general, encouraged by the king, who united to 

 the town the hamlet of Pampedon, or Pandon, which 

 was included within the walls. This rampart is said 

 to have been twelve feet high, and eight in thickness, 

 strengthened with several towers, and furnished with 



