202 



NEW HAMPSHIRE NEW JERSEY. 



was no report, and the appearance was of short dura- 

 tion. The Chinese, who trade with the inhabitants, 

 appear to liave introduced some of the rites of the 

 religion of Fo among them. Voyagers have observed 

 three varieties of inhabitants, the Papuas (negroes), 

 Haraforas, who are said to live on trees in the in- 

 terior, and the Badslioos or Gran Badshoos, a wan- 

 dering trite of fishermen. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE, one of the United States of 

 America, is situated between 42 41' and 45 11' 

 north latitude, and between 70 40' and 72 23' west 

 longitude from Greenwich. Its extreme length, from 

 north to south, is 168 miles ; its greatest breadth is 

 ninety miles. North of latitude 42, the state de- 

 creases in width, and at the northern extremity it is 

 only nineteen miles wide. New Hampshire is bounded 

 011 the north by the highlands between Lower Canada 

 and the United States ; on the west by the western 

 Ijank of Connecticut river, from its northerly source 

 to the south point of Hinsdale, below the entrance of 

 Ashuelot river; south by Massachusetts; east by the 

 Atlantic, a distance of eighteen miles, and by the 

 state of Maine. Its area is 9491 miles, or 6,074,240 

 acres, including about 1 10,000 acres of water. This 

 state is divided into eight counties. Near the sea- 

 coast, the land is low and level, and the shore is 

 mostly a sandy beach, bordered by salt-marshes. At 

 the distance of thirty or forty miles back from the 

 sea, the country rises into hills, and often into moun- 

 tains. Between the Merrimack and the Connecticut 

 many considerable mountains are found, as the Mo- 

 nadnock, in Dublin ; Sunapee, in Fishersfield ; Kear- 

 sarge, in Warner ; Carr's mountain, in Warren ; and 

 the Moosehillock, in Coventry. But the most 

 elevated mountains in this state, and the highest on 

 this side the Mississippi, are the White mountains. 

 The soil of New Hampshire is generally fertile, 

 though it is probably inferior to that of some of the 

 other northern states. The best lands are those on 

 the borders of the rivers, which are annually over- 

 flowed. The hills are generally of stony and moist 

 land, and afford excellent pasturage. There are no 

 extensive barrens, and most of the land is capable of 

 cultivation. The high ridge of mountains which 

 divides the waters of the Connecticut from those of 

 the Merrimack, is composed of the older primitive 

 rocks. Granite predominates at the northern and 

 more elevated part of the ridge ; mica slate is more 

 abundant in the southern part, and forms the Grand 

 Monadnock and several other high elevations. A 

 beautiful, fine-grained granite occurs in many parts 

 of the state: this aflbrds an admirable building stone, 

 and great quantities are transported to Boston. 

 Eastward of the great ridge, mica slate, gneiss, and 

 green stone are found. Steatite, or soapstone, of 

 good quality, is found at Orford and Francestown ; 

 and primitive limestone abounds in several places. 

 Iron ore, of excellent quality, is found at Franconia, 

 and copper ore has been discovered at the same 

 place. Plumbago, or black lead, is found at Bristol 

 and some other places, in large quantities, and of 

 good quality. These are the only minerals that have 

 been found in such quantities as to be much regarded. 

 The largest collection of waters in New Hampshire 

 is lake Winnipiseogee. Besides this are Squam, 

 Ossipee, Newfound, Sunapee, and Spafford's lakes, 

 and lake Connecticut, in the most northern part of 

 the state. A part of lake Umbagog is in this state, 

 and a part in Maine. Five of the largest rivers in 

 New England have their principal sources in New 

 Hampshire, viz., the Connecticut, Merrimack, And- 

 roscoggin, Saco, and Pascataqua. The state is 

 remarkably well watered, and the water is generally 

 of the purest quality. The population of New Hamp- 

 shire in 1810 was 214,460; in 1820, 244,161 ; in 



18:50, 269 533. By far the greater part of the in- 

 habitants are engaged in agriculture. The principal 

 articles of produce are beef, pork, mutton, butler, 

 cheese, wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, barley, pulse ; 

 and flax. The state is admirably adapted for graz- 

 ing. Apples are very extensively cultivated, but 

 other kinds of fruit are not abundant. Dover, Exeter, 

 Peterborough, Franconia, Pembroke, and Keene, have 

 considerable manufacturing establishments. There 

 are no large towns in New Hampshire. Portsmouth 

 is the most populous, and Concord is the seat of 

 government. There are numerous thriving and 

 beautiful villages. The common schools are well 

 supported, and flourishing academies are established 

 in many towns. Dartmouth college is at Hanover. 

 The principal religious denominations areCongrega- 

 tionalists, Baptists, and Methodists. The climate is 

 subject to the extremes of heat and cold, and to great 

 and sudden changes. The air is generally pure and 

 salubrious, and the state is remarkable for the longe- 

 vity of its inhabitants. Morning and evening fires 

 are frequently needed as early as the first of Septem- 

 ber, and as late as the last of May. Cattle are 

 housed about the first of November ; and, in the 

 course of this month, the earth and rivers usually 

 become frozen, and covered with snow. The open 

 fields are commonly cleared of snow in April. 



New Hampshire was discovered by captain John 

 Smith, an English navigator, in 1614. Its name was 

 given by captain John Mason, the original patentee. 

 In the earliest grant made to Mason and Gorges, in 

 1 622, it is styled Laconia ; and, in some of the 

 earliest histories, it is called Captain Masons Patent, 

 and Pascataqua. The first settlements were made 

 at Dover and Portsmouth, in 1623. In 1629, Rev. 

 John Wheelwright purchased of the Indians the 

 country between the Merrimack and the Pascataqua 

 from the ocean back about fifty miles. From the 

 year 1641 to 1679, all the settlements in this state 

 were united with the colony of Massachusetts, and 

 belonged to the county of Norfolk. In 1679, New 

 Hampshire was made a separate province by Charles 

 II. From 1689 to 1692, it was again united to 

 Massachusetts; and also from 1702 to 1741. From 

 1699 to 1702, it was united with Massachusetts and 

 New York. Benning Wentworth was appointed 

 governor in 1741. A temporary government was 

 established during the war of the revolution. A new 

 constitution was established in 1784 ; and this, as 

 altered in 1792, is the present constitution of the state. 



NEW HEBRIDES ; a cluster of islands in the 

 South Pacific ocean, first discovered by Quiros, in 

 the year 1506, who supposed them to be a southern 

 continent, and called them Tierra Australia de. 

 Espiritu Santo. Bougainville, who explored them 

 in 1768, called them the Archipelago of the Great 

 Cyclades. Cook visited them in 1773, and gave them 

 the name of New Hebrides. They are in general 

 mountainous, and abound in wood and water. Their 

 , principal productions are bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts, ami 

 plantains, yams and sugar-canes. The inhabitant* 

 appear civil and hospitable, and are of different 

 races. Lon. 166 40' to 170 21' E.; lat. 14 30' to 

 20 5' S. 



NEW JERSEY is one of the thirteen original 

 states of the American union ; bounded on the 

 north by New York, on the east by New York 

 and the Atlantic ocean, on the south by the 

 ocean, and on the west by the states of Delaware 

 and Pennsylvania. The Hudson river divides it 

 from New York on the east, and on the west are 

 the Delaware river and bay. The length is 163 

 miles, and the breadth 52 miles; between lat. 38 

 17' and 41 21' N., and Ion. 75 30' and 73 53' W. 

 The area in square miles is 7490. The census of 



