204 



NEW JERSEY COLLEGE NEW ORLEANS. 



t, rye, Indian corn, buckwheat, potatoes, oats, 

 and barley, are staple commodities. Emigrants from 

 (lie vine countries of Europe have pointed out some 

 districts as very suitable to the cultivation of the 

 grapes used for the making of wine ; and it is 

 believed that the situation of the state furnishes 

 peculiar advantages for the rearing of silk-worms 

 and the making of silk. Manufactures are flourish- 

 ing and improving. Glass of various kinds, and in 

 large quantities, is made at thirteen different estab- 

 lishments, in the counties of Warren, Cumberland, 

 and Gloucester. Paper is extensively manufactured 

 in Springfield, at Morristown. near Trenton, and at 

 Mount Holly. Gunpowder is made near Spottswood. 

 I ron is probably the most important article of manu- 

 facture. Bog ore is found in Burlington and Mon- 

 mouth ; and the mines of the northern counties are 

 rich, and, perhaps, inexhaustible. Forges and fur- 

 naces are in active operation in Morris, Sussex, 

 Monmouth, Gloucester, and Cumberland counties. 

 There are rolling and slitting-mills at Paterson, 

 Bridgeton, and Dover. At the latter place chain- 

 cables are made, and at both the former, cut-nails in 

 abundance. The towns most engaged in manufac- 

 tures are Newark and Paterson. The former is 

 noted for the manufacture of leather, and the exer- 

 cise of various occupations in which it is employed ; 

 also for the making of carriages, cabinet ware, and 

 fancy chairs. The latter is chiefly engaged in the 

 manufacture of cotton, hemp, and machinery. In 

 1829, there were in Paterson 487 power and hand 

 looms in operation, and four machine factories, in 

 one of which was made, in the preceding year, 

 15,048 spindles, with their appurtenances ; and con- 

 nected with it is an iron and brass foundery, producing, 

 annually, 35,000 pounds of brass, and 1,020,000 

 pounds of iron castings. The number of persons 

 employed in the various establishments, many of 

 whom were children, was 1879. The cotton and 

 flax annually consumed amount to 2,779,600 

 pounds ; and the quantity of duck, and cloth of all 

 descriptions, manufactured, 2,604,450 yards.^This 

 state is rich in mineral productions. Limestone 

 extensively prevails. Iron, as already mentioned, is 

 abundant. Marble and zinc are found. Ores of 

 gold and silver have been discovered in the county 

 of Warren, and the former recently near Somerville. 

 Copper mines in Somerset and Bergen counties were 

 wrought before the revolution, and extensive veins 

 are believed to cross the state in a south-westerly 

 direction from Schuyler mine, near Belleville, to the 

 river Delaware. Marl, peculiarly fitted as a manure 

 for the sandy regions, is found in their vicinage. 

 Peat exists in different districts in exhaustless beds. 

 Clay of superior quality for the arts is dug up in 

 great abundance near South Amlx>y ; and sand, used 

 as an ingredient for the finest glass, is carried from 

 beds recently discovered near Port Elizabeth, in the 

 county of Cumberland, to the principal manufactories 

 of the Union. The chief towns are Trenton, New- 

 ark, Paterson, Hackensack, Morristown, Newton, Bel- 

 videre, Elizabethtown, New Brunswick, Perth Amboy, 

 Princeton, Somerville, Burlington, Mount Holly, 

 Woodbury, Salem, and Bridgeton. The seat of the 

 state government is at Trenton, in which is a state 

 house, a large and convenient but plain building, for 

 the accommodation of the legislature and the superior 

 courts ; and near the town stands the penitentiary 

 or state prison, where about 130 convicts are im- 

 prisoned, at hard labour. 



NEW JERSEY COLLEGE. See Princeton. 



NEWMARKET; a town in England, partly in 

 Cambridgeshire, but mostly in Norfolk ; thirteen 

 milus north-east of Cambridge, sixty north of London. 

 It is chiefly celebrated for horse-races, being the first 



meeting in the kingdom. The town owes its sup- 

 port principally to the races, which are held chiefly 

 in the spring, and the months of July and October. 

 It has two markets weekly, on Tuesday and Thurs- 

 day. 



NEW MEXICO; a territory belonging to (he 

 Mexican United States. See Mexico. 



NEW NETHERLANDS. See New York. 



NEW ORLEANS ; a city of Louisiana, situated in 

 the parish of Orleans, in a bend of the Mississippi 

 river, on its left bank, 105 miles by the river, and 

 ninety in a direct line from the Balize, at its mouth ; 

 lat. 29 57' N.; Ion. 90 T W. It is 1203 miles 

 from Washington, about 1000 below the mouth of 

 the Ohio, about 1200 below the mouth of the Mis- 

 souri, and nearly intermediate between Boston and 

 Mexico; population in 1810, 17,242; in 1820, 

 27,176; in 1830, 46,310. New Orleans is the seat 

 of government for the state, and is the grand com- 

 mercial metropolis of the Mississippi Valley. No 

 city on the globe possesses so great natural advan- 

 tages for a commercial capital. The Mississippi, 

 and its tributaries above the city, have an extent of 

 more than 20,000 miles of waters, already navigated 

 by steam-boats, and passing through the richest soils 

 and the pleasantest climates. Its communication 

 with the ocean is easy. Numerous bayous connect 

 it with every part of the state. By a basin and 

 canal, and the bayou St John, it communicates 

 with lake Ponchartrain, and the lakes thence to the 

 gulf of Mexico, the opposite Florida shore, with 

 Mobile, Pensacola, and the whole gulf shore, east 

 and west. A rail-road between the city and lake 

 Ponchartrain, four and a half miles long, perfectly 

 straight, with only sixteen inches ascent and descent, 

 is now opened ; and an artificial harbour and break- 

 water in the lake, at the end of the rail-road, will 

 soon be completed. The Mississippi and its principal 

 branches are admirably adapted for steam-boat navi- 

 gation, and also for the descent of those cheap and 

 capacious vessels, the flat-bottomed boats. The use 

 of steam-boats in towing ships now renders it unneces- 

 sary to wait, either at the city or below it, for favour- 

 able winds. The forts erected for the defence of the 

 city, during the last war, have been improved, and 

 others have been erected ; and the constantly 

 increasing strength of the city itself, and its facili- 

 ties for receiving the growing strength of the whole 

 Mississippi Valley, must render it secure from foreign 

 invasion. This is but a very brief and imperfect view 

 of the local advantages of New Orleans. The old 

 city, properly so called, is built in the form of a 

 parallelogram, of which the longer sides are 1320 

 yards, and the shorter, or the depth of the city 

 towards the swamp, 700 yards. Above the city are 

 now built the suburbs of St Mary and Annunciation. 

 Below the city are the suburbs Marigny, Daumois, 

 Declouet. These are called fauxbourgs. Between 

 the city and the bayou St John are the villages S* 

 Claude and St Johnsburg. The old city is dividee. 

 into squares, having a front of 319 feet in length ; 

 and each square is divided into twelve lots. Few of 

 the streets are more than forty feet wide. The 

 wooden buildings, 'of which the city was formerly 

 composed, have mostly given place to those of brick. 

 In the old city, the French and Spanish styles of 

 building predominate. The houses are stuccoed 

 externally, and this stucco, of a white or yellow 

 colour, though less durable, is more pleasing to the 

 eye than brick. The fauxbourg St Mary, and other 

 new parts of the city, are built principally of brick, 

 after the American style. Several warehouses, with 

 stone fronts, have lately been erected. In general, 

 it may be said that the city is gradually becoming 

 more purely American in all its characteristics; but 



