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NEWSPAPERS. 



In Smyrna, the place of the Spectateur Oriental 

 was taken, in 1827, by the Observateur Impartial 

 (friendly to the Turks), and subsequently by the 

 Courrier de Smyrne. Even Tripoli (in Barbary) has 

 had, since July 31, 1827, a political and literary 

 French monthly L' Investigateur Africain. The 

 following is copied from Rufus Anderson's Observa- 

 tions upon the Peloponnesus and Greek Islands, made 

 in 1829 (Boston, 1830). " There are two newspapers 

 now published in liberated Greece, which exert con- 

 siderable influence, although neither has a numerous 

 subscription. One is in the Greek language, the 

 other in the French. The former, called the National 

 Journal, is the organ of government : it is printed 

 twice a week, and costs six Spanish dollars. The 

 latter, entitled the Oriental Courier, is issued once 

 a week, and is professedly devoted to politics, com- 

 merce, and literature. Three newspapers in the 

 modern Greek language were published in Vienna 

 before the revolution. Among the newspapers which 

 appeared in Greece during the revolutionary struggle, 

 were the following : the Ephemerides of Athens, 

 edited by Mr Psillas ; the Friend of the Laws, 

 edited by Mr Chiappa, an Italian, at Hydra; the 

 Greek Chronicle, edited by doctor Meyer, a German, 

 at M issolonghi ; and the Greek Telegraph, printed 

 at the same place, under the auspices of lord Byron," 

 &c. We might mention here the French paper Le 

 Spectateur Oriental, published at Smyrna. 



In Germany, as in France, the periodical press was 

 of little importance till the French Revolution, and, 

 compared with Britain, France, and even the Nether- 

 lands, it has always remained so. By the resolutions 

 of the German diet of September 20, 1819, it has 

 again been placed under strict supervision. Till the 

 beginning of the French revolution, the Hamburger 

 Correspondent was almost the only gazette in Ger- 

 many which derived its information respecting foreign 

 countries from original correspondence. The Neue 

 Zeitung, in Hamburg, could not eventually sustain 

 a competition with it, and was discontinued. From 

 these and similar sources, articles were copied into 

 hundreds of provincial papers, and this was then 

 called editing a gazette. This explains, in part, the 

 contempt which was connected in Germany with 

 the idea of a newspaper writer, and which, even of 

 late, when this employment has been more worthily 

 pursued, has not entirely disappeared. The sale of 

 the Hamburger Correspondent continued to increase 

 from the breaking out of the revolution. At that 

 time, the sale of the Correspondent was rated at 

 between 30,000 and 36,000 copies. On the union 

 of Hamburg with the French empire, it received 

 such a blow, that, in a short time, the sale amounted 

 to only a few thousands. In 1828, tjyenty-one 

 gazettes, daily and weekly sheets, were published at 

 Hamburg. Argumentative papers, in the character 

 uf the French and English gazettes, there were, 

 properly speaking, till very lately, none in Germany; 

 but a new kind of periodical sprang up in Germany 

 in 1798, which soon outdid all others the Universal 

 Gazette. The bookseller Cotta, then in Tubingen, 

 conceived the first idea of it. The Allgemeine 

 Zeitung (Universal Gazette) is published at Augs- 

 burg. It has correspondents in all the countries of 

 Europe, who supply it with intelligence ; the Ger- 

 man and foreign governments also frequently make 

 use of it to influence the public by semi-official 

 articles. This has been done with much dexterity 

 by the Austrian government, especially in its trans- 

 actions in paper money and public stocks ; even the 

 French ministry frequently made use, in the period 

 of 1818 20, of the Allgememe Zeitung (though yet 

 more of the London papers). In the appendix 

 there are frequently interesting surveys of the 



political literature of particular countries. Biogra- 

 phical notices and characters are given of remarkable 

 travellers and the most important public characters 

 of our times. Notwithstanding all these advantages, 

 the sale of the Allgemeine Zeitung is, on the whole, 

 small, and merely covers the expenses. In 1817, 

 it amounted to about 2000 copies ; at present some 

 estimate it at 5000, others at 1500 2000. Besides 

 this political paper, Cotta has published since 1828, 

 Das Ausland, a journal for the knowledge of the 

 intellectual and moral condition of other nations ; 

 and, on a similar plan, lie has published in Munich, 

 since 1829, Das Inland. The latter embraces Ger- 

 many alone, with particular reference to Bavaria. 

 During the subjugation of Germany by the French, 

 the German papers avoided relating any political 

 news, which had not been inserted in the Moniteur, 

 or some one of the semi-official papers of Paris. 

 The emancipation of Germany in 1813, gave rise to 

 a number of political papers in the awakened spirit 

 of the times. Kotzebue and Niebuhr each com- 

 menced such a journal, but both were soon discon- 

 tinued. Among the most celebrated gazettes of this 

 period, the Rheinische Merkur of Gorres (q. v.) 

 should be particularly mentioned. January 23, 

 1814, appeared the first, and January 10, 1816, the 

 last number.- In Austria, which, excepting the official 

 gazette of Vienna, had, till then, produced no journal 

 of any political or literary importance, a paper called 

 the (Estreichische Beobachter. (Austrian Observer) 

 arose, which was soon regarded as semi-official, and 

 was read with attention throughout Germany, as it 

 was the only one which permitted itself (from 1809 

 13, to throw, from time to time, a few rays of light 

 on the subject of Spain, and the political situation of 

 the European powers. The proprietor and editor of 

 this paper is Mr von Pilat, the private secretary of 

 prince Metternich. The sale of the paper in the 

 period just mentioned is said to have amounted to 

 6000 copies. According to the Hesperus (1824, 

 Nos. 228, 230, 257 et seq.), the periodical literature 

 of Austria, including the Bohemian, Hungarian, and 

 Italian, is to that of Prussia as 27 to 47. By the 

 decrees of the German diet of September 20, 1819, 

 which were to remain in force for five years, and 

 have since been indefinitely prolonged, all the Ger- 

 man gazettes, even in states such as Weimar and 

 Wiirtemberg, where the censorship was formally 

 abolished by the constitution of the country, were 

 placed anew either under censorship or ministerial 

 supervision. For the literary journals of Germany, 

 we must refei to the article Periodicals. The Ger- 

 man papers of amusement had their origin with the 

 Zeitung fttr die Elegante JVelt (the Gazette for the 

 Polite World), established in Leipsic in 1801. The 

 number of journals of this character has since been 

 constantly increasing, although many have perished 

 with the same rapidity with which they arose. One 

 of the most distinguished is the Stuttgart Morgenblatt 

 (21st vol. 1830) : we might also mention the Dresden 

 Abendzeitung ', the Berlin Gesellschafter, and the 

 Literarische JVochenUatt, established by Kotzebue. 

 Other places have similar papers devoted to the 

 entertainment of cultivated readers. The circulation 

 of these papers, with a few exceptions, does not 

 extend beyond the limits of the country in which 

 they appear. The Morgenblatt, many of which 

 go particularly to Austria, has the greatest sale : it 

 is estimated at 1500. The journals in the gazette 

 form, have almost superseded, in Germany, the 

 monthly magazines. There are, among the local 

 and provincial papers, several which, under a liberal 

 censorship, might do much good. 



The republic of Colombia had, a short time since, 

 sixteen political papers; the other American states, 



