ODENWALD (ECOLAMPAD1US. 



291 



many of Klopslock's odes. In modern times, the 

 o>le has been separated from the song, so that ode 

 now means that part of Jyricai poetry which ex- 

 presses the deep emotions of the soul, and the alter- 

 nation of violent and elevated feelings of joy or suf- 

 fering, in the full flow of inspiration. 



Odes have been classified according to their sub- 

 jects. The religious ode, or the hymn, in its proper 

 meaning (see Hymn), lias for its subjects God and 

 his works. To this class belong several psalms, 

 likewise the song of Moses and Deborah ; among 

 the Greek odes, some of Pindar's, the Hymn of 

 Cleanthes, and many choruses in the Greek drama ; 

 some odes of Horace, for instance, the carmen secu- 

 lare, though it has more polish than elevation ; the 

 hymns of Rousseau, Gray, Akenside, Thomson, 

 Cowley and Prior, Klopstock, Herder, and others 

 among the moderns. The dithyrambic (q. v.) has 

 the full flow of sensual feeling for its subject. The 

 heroic ode celebrates heroes or sons of gods, princes, 

 victory, greatness of mind, &c. Most of Pindar's 

 odes are of this sort, as are also some of Dryden's, 

 Pope's, Gleim's, Schiller's, Goethe's. Of the didactic 

 ode, the (so called) philosophical and satirical are 

 subdivisions. The name of didactic is given to the 

 ode as far as it deals with great, instructive and in- 

 spiring truths. If it utters noble feelings without 

 immediate reference to the present time, it is called 

 philosophical; if it censures the times, as Horace 

 does, it is termed satirical. Further, the ode may 

 celebrate certain particular subjects ; and here it 

 loses itself in the unlimited field of occasional poems. 



No species of poetry has been so much abused as 

 the ode, as it has been made the common form for 

 the praise of persons and things ; and this, says 

 Bouterweck, is probably the reason, why the litera- 

 ture of all nations is so poor in odes deserving this 

 name. Most of the Italian odes are very bombastic. 

 Chiabrera is one of the most distinguished Italian 

 writers of odes. The Spanish have Garcilaso de la 

 Vega, Quevedo, Gongora, &c.; but the Spanish ode 

 is very similar to the Italian. The British mostly 

 adopt a strong didactic tone in their odes. The 

 French are exceedingly declamatory ; their pointed 

 language is not suited for the ode. Rousseau, L. 

 Racine, Cresset, Chenier, and Lebrun are some of 

 their finest writers in this department. The Ger- 

 mans sometimes lose themselves in unintelligible 

 mysticism, sometimes run into mere relation, not 

 poetical expression of feelings. Some of their odes, 

 however, are truly grand; for instance, Schubart's 

 dithyrambic on Frederic the Great. Some odes of 

 Flemming, Haller, Hagedorn, Uz, Lavater, Ramler, 

 Voss, Kosegarten, Herder, Schiller, are among the 

 first in the language. 



ODENWALD ; a forest and chain of mountains 

 in Western Germany, between the Neckar and the 

 Maine, in the grand-duchies of Hesse-Darmstadt 

 and Baden. The Neckar divides the Odenwald 

 from the Black Forest. The Odenwald is about 

 twenty leagues long, and presents charming scenes. 



ODEON (Aim, from al*, a song) ; among the 

 Greeks, and, at a later period, among the Romans, a 

 public building devoted to poetical and musical con- 

 tests. The first odeon was built at Athens by Peri- 

 cles, and was afterwards used for popular meetings 

 and the holding of courts. At a later period, two 

 others were erected by Pausanias and Herodes Atti- 

 cus, and other Greek cities followed their example. 

 The first odeon was built at Rome in the time of the 

 emperors. Domitian erected one, and Trajan another. 

 The Romans likewise constructed them in the pro- 

 vincial cities, and the ruins of one are still seen at 

 Catanea in Sicily. The odeons resembjed other the- 

 atres, except that they were inferior in extent, and 



were covered with a roof. This name has been given 

 to one of the theatres in Paris, rebuilt, after having 

 been destroyed by fire, in 1818. 



ODER (Fiadrus,) a river of Germany, which rises 

 in Moravia, in a branch of the Sudetic mountains, 

 flows through Silesia, becomes navigable, for small 

 boats at Ratibor, passes by Breslau, where it becomes 

 navigable for barges of forty to fifty tons, enter? 

 Brandenburg and Pomerania, and empties into the 

 Baltic. Its whole course is about 500 miles : it re- 

 ceives several navigable streams, and communicates 

 with the Elbe by several canals, and is of very great 

 importance for the trade of the country. The prin- 

 cipal places on the Oder are Breslau, Frankfort, and 

 Stettin. In the upper part of its course it is rapid, 

 but in the flat country it is subject to frequent inun- 

 dations. Before reaching the sea, it forms the large 

 maritime lake called the Stettin Hajf, and divides into 

 three branches the Peene, Swine, and Divenow. 

 Since 1818 the Prussian government has constructed 

 works for the improvement of the harbour of Swine- 

 munde, the port of Stettin. 



ODESSA ; a Russian seaport in the government 

 of Cherson, situated on the Black sea, between the 

 mouth of the Dnieper and Dniester, on the bay of 

 Adsehai ; lat. 46 29' N. ; Ion. 30 37' E. This 

 place, which is now of considerable size (40,000 in- 

 habitants,) and is rapidly increasing, is of modern 

 origin. After the cession of Bessarabia, by the peace 

 of Jassy, in 1792, Catharine fixed on this spot, then 

 containing only a few houses, as a commercial empo- 

 rium. It has a sufficient depth of water for the lar- 

 gest ships of war. Alexander carried into execution 

 the designs of Catharine, and appointed Richelieu 

 (q. v.,) who was then a French emigrant, and has 

 since been prime minister, governor of the city. It 

 is built in the form of an oblong square, and fortified 

 in the modern style. The port, which is artificial, is 

 capable of receiving 300 vessels. The roadstead is 

 extensive, and the anchorage is safe in summer, be- 

 ing sheltered from every wind except the south-east. 

 The streets are straight, wide, and cross each other 

 at right angles ; there are some fine walks, and nu- 

 merous public buildings. Water was scarce, but has 

 been supplied by aqueducts. There are many insti- 

 tutions for education here. The commerce of Odessa 

 has become extensive. In 1826, 578 ships entered 

 the port. The chief articles of export are grain, 

 timber, hides, furs, flax, linen, wax, tar, potash, ca- 

 viar, &c. About one-third of the commerce is in the 

 hands of the British. Greeks, Italians, French, 

 Poles, Armenians, and Germans, are among the in- 

 habitants. Government has endeavoured to induce 

 settlers from Germany to occupy the lands in the 

 neighbourhood of Odessa, by granting them certain 

 privileges. Bulgarian and Russian peasants are also 

 numerous. 



ODIN. See Northern Mythology. 



ODOUR. See Smell. 



ODYSSEUS. See Ulysses. 



ODYSSEY. See Homer. 



OE ; an affix to many Danish geographical names, 

 signifying island. 



CEC0LAMPADIUS, JOHN, was born of a Swiss 

 family at Weinsberg, in Suabia, in 1482, and, accord- 

 ing to the custom of that time, adopted the name by 

 which he is generally known, as the Greek of his 

 proper name, Hausschein (House-light.) In the 

 twelfth year of his age he entered the university of 

 Heidelberg, whence his father sent him to Bologna 

 to study law. He soon after returned to Heidelberg, 

 applied himself to theology, and became the incum- 

 bent of a benefice which had been instituted by his 

 ancestors. Sensible of the limited nature of his ac- 

 quirements, he went to Tubingen and afterwards to 



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