294 



OFFERTORIUM OHIO. 



by the consecration of bread and wine, the body and 

 blootl of Christ, in the place of the Jewish sin- 

 offering. The custom of making religious offerings 

 exists among pagans also, in our time. The Chinese 

 consecrates fruits to his divinities; the Carib, 

 tobacco ; the Negro, in the West Indies, brandy; 

 and, among the savage inhabitants of some islands, 

 there are still found traces of human sacrifices. 



OFFERTORIUM, or OFFERTORY, is the an- 

 them which is sung, or the music executed, while 

 the people are making their offerings. It is one 

 of the chief parts of the mass. See Mass and Offer- 

 ing. 



OFFICERS, FIELD, are such as command a whole 

 regiment ; as the colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and 

 major. 



OFFICERS, GENERAL, are those whose command 

 extends to a body of forces, composed of several 

 regiments: such are generals, lieutenant-generals, 

 major-generals, and brigadiers. 



OFFICERS, STAFF, at the English court, are such 

 as, in the king's presence, bear a white staffer wand, 

 and at other times, on their going abroad, have it 

 carried before them by a footman, bare-headed : such 

 are the lord-steward, lord-chamberlain, lord-treasurer, 

 &c. 



OFFICIAL, by the ancient law, signifies him who 

 is the minister of, or attendant upon, a magistrate. 

 In the canon law, it is especially taken for him to 

 whom any bishop generally commits the charge of 

 his spiritual jurisdiction. 



OFFING, or OFFIN ; that part of the sea a good 

 distance from shore, where there is deep water, and 

 no need of a pilot to conduct the ship. 



OFFSETS, in gardening; those young shoots that 

 spring from the roots of trees or plants, which, being 

 carefully separated and planted in a proper soil, serve 

 to propagate the species. 



OFTERDINGEN, HENRY OF, or AFFTERDIN- 

 GEN, EFFTERDINGEN; one of the most celebrated 

 German poets of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries 

 (the Suabian period,) of the circumstances of whose 

 life little is known. His youth is said to have been 

 passed in Austria, at the court of Leopold VII. Here 

 lie cultivated his poetical powers, and hence made 

 journeys to different parts of the country. (See Min- 

 nesingers, and German Poetry.') At the court of 

 Herman, landgrave of Thuringia, he sustained a 

 poetical contest with Wolfram of Eschenbach (q. v.), 

 and sang the praises of his emperor. Of his poetry 

 we have nothing remaining except some passages of 

 the War on the Wartburg, in the Manesse collection, 

 and a part of the Heldenbuch. It is disputed whe- 

 ther he is the author of the Nibelungenlied (q. v.) or 

 not. Novalis has given his name to one of his ro- 

 mances. 



OG, king of Bashan, mentioned in the Bible, was, 

 according to the accounts of the Rabbins, one of the 

 giants who lived before the flood, and escaped the 

 general inundation by taking refuge on the roof of 

 Noah's ark. Noah fed him there, less through com- 

 passion, than that he might be to men of after times 

 a proof of the power of God, who had created and 

 destroyed from the face of the earth such monstrous 

 creatures. In the war of Og against the Israelites, 

 he lifted up a mountain 6000 pares in circuit, and 

 was about to throw it clown upon the camp of Israel, 

 when it was pierced through by ants sent by God, 

 and fell upon him. At the same moment his teeth 

 grew so quickly, that they entered the mountain, and 

 held him fast, so that Moses could kill him without 

 difficulty. To give an idea of his gigantic size, the 

 Rabbins say that Moses, who, according to their ac- 

 count, was six ells high, and had a battle-axe of the 

 same length, was obliged to make a leap of six ells, 



in order to strike his ankle-l)one. 

 of the wound. 



OGDENSBURGH. See Oswcgatchie. 



OGECHEE LIME. See Tupelo. 



OGEE ARCH. See Architecture. 



OGINSKI ; the name of an illustrious Polish house 



Michael Casimir Oginski, commander in Lithu- 

 ania, fought against the Russians ; but the fate of his 

 unhappy country obliged him to flee. He lost two- 

 thirds of an immense fortune. He constructed the 

 canal which bears his name, and unites the Baltic 

 and the Black sea, entirely at his own expense. He 

 died, seventy-two years old, in Warsaw, in 1803. 



Michael Cleophas, nephew of the former, born 

 in 1765, was foreign minister at the Hague, and 

 fought on the side of Kosciusko, in 1794. At a later 

 period he acted as the agent of the patriots in Paris 

 and Constantinople. Alexander permitted him, in 

 1802, to return. In 1810 he was appointed senator 

 and privy counsellor ; but, in 1815, he went to Italy, 

 and devoted himself to music. His compositions, 

 particularly his Polonaises, are celebrated. His Mi- 

 moires sur la Pologne et les Polonais depuis \ 788 

 1815 (Paris, 1826, 2 vols.) are important for the pe- 

 riod from 1794 to 1798. 



OGLETIIORPE, JAMES EDWARD ; an English 

 general officer, born in London in 1698, and edu- 

 cated at Oxford. He served under prince Eugene. 

 In 1733 he distinguished himself by his exertions to 

 found the colony of Georgia, for which he obtained 

 the royal charter. He also conducted a body of emi- 

 grants to the province, at which time he was accom- 

 panied by the two Wesleys. In 1734 he returned, 

 with an Indian boy in his suite, and, in 1736, revis- 

 ited Georgia with another band of emigrants, and 

 proceeded very successfully in the settlement of the 

 colony. As commander of the British forces in 

 Georgia and Carolina, he repelled the attempts of 

 the Spaniards. In 1745 he was made major-general, 

 and was employed to follow the rebels under the 

 Pretender. The private character of general Ogle- 

 thorpe was extremely amiable, and he lias been eulo- 

 gized by Thomson, Pope, and doctor Johnson. 



OGYGES is mentioned as the most ancient ruler 

 of Attica, then called Acta, about 1700 B. C. The 

 A thenians call him a native of the country. Accord- 

 ing to other accounts he was king of the Hectenes, 

 the original inhabitants of the country, first called 

 Ogygia, and afterwards Bccotia, from the Boeotians. 

 Even the building of Thebes is ascribed to him, and 

 one of the gates of the city was named after him. 

 The gate, however, is also said to have been so called 

 from Ogygia, a daughter of Amphion and of Niobe. 

 Under the reign of Ogyges happened the Ogyghm 

 deluge, which laid waste all Attica, according to 

 Larcher, 1759 B. C. A later opinion is, that a colony 

 of priests under an Egyptian king, Ogyges, came to 

 Boeotia, and thence spread over Attica. The island 

 of Calypso was also called Ogygia. See Calypso. 



OHIO, one of the United States of America, 

 is bounded north by Michigan Territory and lake 

 Erie, which separates it from Upper Canada, east 

 by Pennsylvania and the Ohio river, south by the 

 Ohio river, which separates it from Virginia and 

 Kentucky, and west by Indiana. The Ohio river, 

 in its various windings, bounds this state 436 miles. 

 Ohio is situated between 38 30', and 42 of 

 north latitude, and between 80 28', and 84 42' 

 of west longitude. It is about 222 miles in extent, 

 both from east to west, and from north to south; 

 but lake Erie projects so far into the northern bor- 

 ders, and the Ohio river cuts off so much of its 

 southern quarter, that the area of the state is little 

 more than 200 miles square. The state is divided by 

 nature into four grand divisions, which are named 



